Carl Friedrich Gauss Essays - 1049 Words

Carl Friedrich Gauss nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855). The German scientist and mathematician Gauss is frequently he was called the founder of modern mathematics. His work is astronomy and physics is nearly as significant as that in mathematics. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gauss was born on April 30, 1777 in Brunswick (now it is Western Germany). Many biographists think that he got his good health from his father. Gauss said about himself that, he could count before he can talk. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Gauss was 7 years old he went to school. In the third grade students came when they were 10-15 years old, so teacher should work with students of different ages. Because of it he gave to half of†¦show more content†¦He developed the theory of some important special functions, in particular, the theory of the hypergeometric function. This function plays significant role in modern mathematical physics. Gauss discovered the method of so-called least squares. It is a method of obtaining the best possible average value for a measured magnitude, for many observations of the magnitude. The other part of mathematics that also has close connections to Gauss, is the theory of complex numbers. Gauss gave a very important geometric interpretation of a complex number as a point in the plane. Besides pure mathemaics, Gauss made very important contributions in astronomy, geodesy and other applied disciplines. For example, he predicted the location of some sky bodies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In 1803 Gauss had met Johanna Osthoff, the daughter of a tannery owner in Braunschweig. She was born in 1780 and was an only child. They were married on October 9, 1805. They were lived on in Braunschweig for a time, in the house which Gauss had occupied as a bachelor. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On August 21, 1806, his first son Joseph was born. He received his name after Peazzi, the discoverer of Ceres. On February 29, 1808 a daughter followed, and gauss jokingly complained that she would only have a birthday every fourth year. As a mark of respect to Olbers she was christened Wilhelmina. The third child, a son, born on september 10, 1809, was named Ludwig, after Harding, butShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Carl Friedrich Gauss788 Words   |  3 Pagesboundaries of space and technology. The life of Carl Friedrich Gauss was full of phenomenal adventures and discoveries. He was born in Brunswick, Germany on April 30th, 1777 to poor working class parents. Gauss’ father was known as a hard worker and an honest man but heavily discouraged Gauss from attending school to follow a family trade. On the other hand, Gauss’ mother and uncle recognized his remarkable intelligence at an early age. Gauss’ intelligence was so powerful that one day at theRead MoreEssay on Carl Friedrich Gauss1206 Words   |  5 PagesCarl Friedrich Gauss was born in Braunshweigh, Germany, now lower Saxon Germany, where his parents lived and they were considered a pretty poor family during their time. His father worked many jobs as a gardener and many other trades such as: an assistant to a merchant and a treasurer of a small insurance fund. While his mother on the other hand was a fairly smart person but semiliterate, and before she married her husband she was a maid, the only reason for marrying him was to get out of the jobRead More Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay example3533 Words   |  15 PagesCarl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) Introduction: Carl Friedrich Gauss is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. He is a creator in the logical-mathematical domain as he contributed many ideas to the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and physics. Being a math education major, I have come into contact with Gauss’ work quite a few times. He contributed greatly to the different areas of mathematics like linear algebra, calculus, and number theory. Creativity can be seenRead MoreA Brief Look at George Friedrich Bernhard Riemann720 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, born in Breselenz, Germany, was a prominent and influential mathematician during the nineteenth century. At a young age, Riemann was recognized by his teachers for his swift grasping of complicated mathematical operations. Riemann attended the University of Gottingen where he developed a strong foundation in theoretical physics from Johann Listing and other notable professors. Riemann introduced concepts of mathematical im portance such as the complex variable theoryRead MoreThe Royal academy 1811-1815 In 1811 Samuel Morse’s father allowed him to attend the Royal Academy1000 Words   |  4 Pages1813-1854 Between about 1813 and 1854 Nikolai I. Lobachevsky, Janos Bolyai, Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, and Carl Friedrich Gauss all provided many contributions to the idea of non-Euclidian geometry. Nikolai proved his idea by measuring the internal angles of three stars in the sky that formed a triangle. Gauss furthered the idea of hyperbolic geometry. However, Gauss didn’t publish his work for unknown reasons. Friedrich Bernhard Riemann helped to compose the non-Euclidean spherical geometry. AllRead More Carl Gauss Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesCarl Gauss Carl Gauss was a man who is known for making a great deal breakthroughs in the wide variety of his work in both mathematics and physics. He is responsible for immeasurable contributions to the fields of number theory, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, magnetism, astronomy, and optics, as well as many more. The concepts that he himself created have had an immense influence in many areas of the mathematic and scientific world. Carl Gauss was born Johann Carl Friedrich GaussRead MoreA Summary On Marie Sophie Germain1981 Words   |  8 Pageswritten observations.[13] Germain obtained the lecture notes and began sending her work to Joseph Louis Lagrange, a faculty member. She used the name of a former student Monsieur Antoine-August Le Blanc,[10][14] fearing, as she later explained to Gauss, the ridicule attached to a female scientist.[15] When Lagrange saw the intelligence of M. LeBlanc, he requested a meeting, and thus Sophie was forced to disclose her true identity. Fortunately, Lagrange did not mind that Germain was a woman,[10]Read Moreâ€Å"It Is Not Knowledge, But The Act Of Learning, Not Possession1246 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"It is not knowledge, but the act of learning, not possession but the act of getting there, which grants the greatest enjoyment†, said the great Carl Friedrich Gauss. It’s the same zeal to learn and the enlightenment that comes through it that drives me to purs ue a research-based career. Research that is going to define the future in terms of clean and sustainable energy, better efficiencies, better dynamics and intelligent machines, is what I desire to contribute to, given an opportunity to becomeRead MoreThe Mathematics Of Math Education929 Words   |  4 Pagesclass many students say, â€Å"What is the point of math I am never going to use it.† That statement is not true, math is used on a daily basis in our everyday life. â€Å"Mathematics is the queen of science, and arithmetic the queen of mathematics† (Carl Friedrich Gauss). Not only is math a tremendous part of everyday life but it is also a substantial part of education. Education is something that many people are passionate about, but many people overlook how much influence math has on other subjects. UnderstandingRead MoreGeometry Of Geometry And Geometry1549 Words   |  7 Pagesgeometry† and his works continue to influence mathematical fields today. Ele ments was first set in type in 1482 in Venice making it one of the earliest mathematical books to be printed following the invention of the printing press. It is estimated by Carl Benjamin Boyer to be second only to the Bible in the number of editions published,[7] with the number reaching well over one thousand.[8] For centuries the quadrivium was included in the curriculum of all university students and knowledge of at least

Understanding Man’s Power Free Essays

In recent years, we have come to understand that relations between men and women are governed by a sexual politics that exists outside individual men’s and women’s needs and choices. It has taken us much longer to recognize that there is a systematic sexual politics of male-male relationships as well. Under patriarchy, men’s relationships with other men cannot help but be shaped and patterned by patriarchal norms, though they are less obvious than the norms governing male-female relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Man’s Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now A society could not have the kinds of power dynamics that exist between women and men in our society without certain kinds of systematic power dynamics operating among men as well. Men do not just happily bond together to oppress women. In addition to hierarchy over women, men create hierarchies and rankings among themselves according to criteria of â€Å"masculinity. † Men at each rank of masculinity compete with each other, with whatever resources they have, for the differential payoffs that patriarchy allows men. Men in different societies choose different grounds on which to rank each other. Many societies use the simple facts of age and physical strength to stratify men. Our society stratifies men according to physical strength and athletic ability in the early years, but later in life focuses on success with women and ability to make money. In our society, one of the most critical rankings among men deriving from patriarchal sexual politics is the division between gay and straight men. This division has powerful negative consequences for gay men and gives straight men privileges. But in addition, this division has a larger symbolic meaning. Our society uses the male heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy as a central symbol for all the rankings of masculinity, for the division on any grounds between males who are â€Å"real men† and have power, and males who are not. Any kind of powerlessness or refusal to compete becomes imbued with imagery of homosexuality. In the men’s movement documentary film Men’s Lives, a high school male who studies modern dance says that others often think he is gay because he is a dancer. When asked why, he gives three reasons: because dancers are â€Å"free and loose,† because they are â€Å"not big like football players,† and because â€Å"you’re not trying to kill anybody. † The patriarchal connection: if you are not trying to kill other men, you must be gay. Another dramatic example of men’s use of homosexual insults as weapons in their power struggle with each other comes from a document which provides one of the richest case studies of the politics of male-male relationships to yet appear: Woodward and Bernstein’s The Final Days. Ehrlichman jokes that Kissinger is queer, Kissinger calls an unnamed colleague a psychopathic homosexual, and Haig jokes that Nixon and Rebozo are having a homosexual relationship. From the highest ranks of male power to the lowest, the gay-straight division is a central symbol of all the forms of ranking and power relationships which men put on each other. MEN S POWER WITH WOMEN The relationships between the patriarchal stratification and competition which men experience with each other, and men’s patriarchal domination of women, are complex. Let us briefly consider several points of interconnection between them. First, women are used as SYMBOLS OF SUCCESS in men’s competition with each other. It is sometimes thought that competition for women is the ultimate source of men’s competition with each other. There is considerable reason, however, to see women not as the ultimate source of male-male competition, but rather as only symbols in a male contest where real roots lie much deeper. Second, women often play a MEDIATING role in the patriarchal struggle among men. Women get together with each other, and provide the social lubrication necessary to smooth over men’s inability to relate to each other non-competitively. A modern myth, James Dickey’s novel Deliverance, portrays what happens when men’s relationships with each other are not mediated by women. According to Heilburn, the central message of Deliverance is that when men get beyond the bounds of civilization, which really means beyond the bounds of the civilizing effects of women, men rape and murder each other. A third function women play in male-male sexual politics is that relationships with women provide men a REFUGE from the dangers and stresses of relating to other males. Traditional relationships with women have provided men a safe place in which they can recuperate from the stresses they have absorbed in their daily struggle with other men, and in which they can express their needs without fearing that these needs will be used against them. If women begin to compete with men and have power in their own right, men are threatened by the loss of this refuge. Finally, a fourth function of women n males’ patriarchal competition with each other is to reduce the stress of competition by serving as an UNDERCLASS. As Elizabeth Janeway has written in Between Myth and Morning, under patriarchy women represent the lowest status, a status to which men can fall only under the most exceptional circumstances, if at all. Competition among men is serious, but its intensity is mitigated by the f act that there is a lowest possible level to which men cannot fall. One reason men fear women’s liberation, writes Janeway, is that the liberation of women will take away this unique underclass status of women. Men will now risk falling lower than ever before, into a new underclass composed of the weak of both sexes. Thus, women’s liberation means that the stakes of patriarchal failure for men are higher than they have been before, and that it is even more important for men not to lose. Thus, men’s patriarchal competition with each other makes use of women as symbols of success, as mediators, as refuges, and as an underclass. In each of these roles, women are dominated by men in ways that derive directly from men’s struggle with each other. Men need to deal with the sexual politics of their relationships with each other if they are to deal fully with the sexual politics of their relationships with women. MEN’S POWER IN SOCIETY At one level, men’s social identity is defined by the power they have over women and the power they can compete for against other men. But at another level, most men have very little power over their own lives. How can we understand this paradox? The major demand to which men must accede in contemporary society is that they play their required role in the economy. But this role is not intrinsically satisfying. The social researcher Daniel Yankelovich has suggested that about 80% of U. S. male workers experience their jobs as intrinsically meaningless and onerous. They experience their jobs and themselves as worthwhile only through priding themselves on the hard work and personal sacrifice they are making to be breadwinners for their families. Accepting these hardships reaffirms their role as family providers and therefore as true men. Linking the breadwinner role to masculinity in this way has several consequences for men. Men can get psychological payoffs from their jobs which these jobs never provide in themselves. By training men to accept payment for their work in feelings of masculinity, rather than in feelings of satisfaction, men will not demand that their jobs be made more meaningful. As a result, jobs can be designed for the more important goal of generating profits. Further, the connection between work and masculinity makes men accept unemployment as their personal failing as males, rather than analyze and change the profit-based economy whose inevitable dislocations make them unemployed or unemployable. Men’s jobs are increasingly structured as if men had no direct roles or responsibilities in the family–indeed, as if they did not have families at all. But paradoxically, at the same time that men’s responsibilities in the family are reduced to facilitate more efficient performance of their work role, the increasing dehumanization of work means that jobs give men only the satisfaction of fulfilling the family breadwinner role. The relative privilege that men get from sexism, and more importantly the false consciousness of privilege men get from sexism, play a critical role in reconciling men to their subordination in the larger political economy. This analysis does not imply that men’s sexism will go away if they gain control over their own lives, or that men do not have to deal with their sexism until they gain this control. Rather, the point is that we cannot fully understand men’s sexism or men’s subordination in the larger society unless we understand how deeply they are related. Ultimately, we have to understand that patriarchy has two halves which are intimately related to each other. Patriarchy is a dual system, a system in which men oppress women, and in which men oppress themselves and each other. At one level, challenging one part of patriarchy inherently leads to challenging the other. This is one way to interpret why the idea of women’s liberation led so soon to the idea of men’s liberation, which ultimately means freeing men from the patriarchal sexual dynamics they now experience with each other. But because the patriarchal sexual dynamics of male-male relationships are less obvious than those of male-female relationships, men now face a real danger: while the patriarchal oppression of women may be lessened as a result of the women’s movement, the patriarchal oppression of men may be untouched. The real danger for men posed by the attack that the women’s movement is making on patriarchy is not that this attack will go too far, but that it will not go far enough. Ultimately, men cannot go any further in relating to women as equals How to cite Understanding Man’s Power, Papers

Air Pollution and Its Impact on Public Health

Question: Discuss about the Air Pollution and Its Impact on Public Health . Answer: Introduction Air pollution is a global issue, confronting the humanity nowadays, and is worsening every minute. The contamination of the atmosphere, subsequent to the accumulation of air pollutants, creates far reaching health hazards to humans and other biodiversities, changing the climatic conditions altogether. The primary air pollutants and the ozone like compounds, impact upon human health, leading to several deadly diseases (Ali Haruna 2015). In India, the air quality is the worst, making it a choice of life and death for an estimated 66-million people (Chauhan 2015), and taking the lives of another half a million premature, every year (Harvey 2016). Hyderabad, which is one of the fast developing major cities in India, is facing acute air pollution crisis, due to the combustion of biomass that emits air Toxics, endangering public health (CSE 2011). This paper identifies the components and sources of air pollution and explains how severe is the air pollution in Hyderabad is, and evaluates t he measures in force for overcoming the problem. Air pollution: Gloal Scenario Clean air is an essential element for improving human health and welfare (Pozzer et al. 2012). Newer technologies, industries, transportation, urbanization, and the ever increasing amenities are all conceived and put to use for the sake of human well-being (Riffat 2016 WHO 2008). But the mega cities where these developments are concentrated have become the localized pollution centers (Pozzer et al. 2012), resulting in air pollution impacted health problems, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, emphysema, asthma, and the likes (Ali Haruna 2015). The death toll account, due to air pollution, in the last century began in London, in the year 1952, when the Great Smog formed out of the stagnant and humid airborne pollutants failed to penetrate the clouds, resulting in the death of nearly 8000 infants and aged people. Burning of solid fuels, such as coal in factories and homes was the main cause of the disaster (EEA 2013). Back in India, in 1984, an industrial gas leakage disaster at the Union Carbide Corporations chemical plant in Bhopal caused 8,000 deaths, and incapacitated thousands more, inflicting permanent injuries. In the present times, air pollution is the fourth main lethal health risk worldwide (Thakur 2016). Primary and Secondary Pollutants The life on earth is supported by the atmosphere, consisting of a vibrant system of gases, and shrinking of the ozone layer will harm human health, as well as the ecological systems (Ali Haruna 2015). Because of the rapid industrial growth, various gaseous emissions, like Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM), known as primary pollutants, are being released into the atmosphere. These and several other anthropogenic emissions, then undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere to become new pollutants, called secondary pollutants. Both the primary and secondary pollutants put human health at risk (TERI 2015). Sources of Primary and Secondary Pollutants The main sources of air pollution are industrial processes, solid waste combustion, heat and power production, and the transport engines. The burning of hydrocarbon fuels, like petrol and gasoline in transport vehicles and airplanes generate numerous primary air pollutants, including particulates of lead. The sunlight stimulates nitrogen oxides to combine with hydrocarbons to form secondary pollutants (Ali Haruna 2015). Frequent exposure to these air pollutants will result in adverse health effects. Air pollution in India The air quality in the Indian cities has deteriorated in proportion to the rate of increase in population growth, rapid industrialization and greater vehicle use (TERI 2015). Millions of families are frequently exposed to higher levels of particulates, by burning wood, dung and other organic substances for cooking and heating, which contributes to the poor air quality to a great extent (UBC 2016). Usage of fossil fuels in transportation, power production, industries, and other activities is mostly responsible for the urban air pollution. In rural India, the dependency on traditional biomass for cooking and heating contributes to indoor air pollution. Estimates show that 70% of the Indian population still depend on firewood, cow dung, coal, etc., for cooking and 32% rely on kerosene for lighting needs. Lack of sufficient ambient air monitoring data and air pollution source information are detrimental to the Integrated air quality management (AQM) for combating these problems (TERI 201 5). Air Pollution problems in Hyderabad Hyderabad, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh in India, is a 400 year old city of historical importance. The city is fast growing with a population density of 17,000 people per km2, and includes the satellite districts under the Hyderabad Urban Development Area. The air quality of Hyderabad is challenged by the increased demand for transportation, manufacturing estates, and construction sectors (Guttikunda et al. 2012). The urban growth and the resultant poorer air quality, have put public health at risk due to the high incidents of respiratory problems (Tejaswi 2015). According to the Central Pollution Control Board, tiny particles PM2.5 level, which is about 1.3 times above the normal is getting inside the lungs. Though the national ambient air quality standards have achieved changes in the air quality status of a few locations, the air toxics like benzene have gone beyond the permissible limit. As a result, the air pollution linked ailments have recorded highest PM1 and PM10 levels in such zones. The 21 air quality monitoring stations located in Hyderabad constantly monitor sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM) sized below PM10. Other components under limited scale are Carbon monoxide (CO), ozone, lead, benzene, arsenic, and nickel (CSE 2011). Real-time Air Quality Index on a typical day at Hyderabad US Consulate 89 Moderate Updated on Saturday 19:00 Temp.:28C Current Past 48 hours data Min Max PM2.5AQI 89 46 134 Current Past 48 hours data Min Max Temp. 28 23 29 Pressure 961 961 964 Humidity 68 67 87 Source: Map data, 2016, Google In spite of the constant monitoring, the killer particulates are precipitating serious air quality concern. Most of the other locations, namely Paradise, Charminar, Uppasl, etc., have recorded PM10 annual average levels, between 106 to 119 microgram per cubic meter, which is critical as per the CPCBs air quality classification. The annual average trends do not reflect the real amount of pollution exposure on a daily basis. These variations in particulate matter levels continue to increase, demanding more aggressive interventions to retain its breathing space (CSE 2011). Air pollution sources in Hyderabad The source apportionment study in Hyderabad listed transportation, industries, and waste burning as critical sources of particulate matter (PM) pollution in the city. The sector-specific emissions relating to the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation area, during the period 20102011, reported by Guttikunda Kopakka (2014) was 42,600t of PM10(PM size 10m), 24,500t of PM2.5(PM size 2.5m), 11,000t of sulfur dioxide, 127,000t of nitrogen oxides, 431,000t of carbon monoxide, 113,400t of non-methane volatile organic compounds, and 25.2 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions (Guttikunda Kopakka 2014). According to them, the above list was separated spatially at 0.01 resolution for a chemical transport model (ATMoS). The urban area concentration, as per the Guttikunda Kopakka (2014) was 105.228.6g/m3for PM10and 72.618.0g/m3for PM2.5, when overlaid on gridded population. This resulted in the premature death of 3,700 people and asthma attacks for another 280,000 persons in 20102011 (Gutt ikunda Kopakka 2014). The analysis confirms a need for the implementation of aggressive pollution controls to limit pollution in Hyderabad. Such measures, if adopted, will reduce the excess exposure levels in the affected areas. Measures like enhancing public transportation, integrating road and metro-rails, supporting walking and cycling, introducing efficient technologies in industries, and augmenting waste management will bring better outcomes in public health benefits, while reducing economic costs (Guttikunda Kopakka 2014). Environmental issues associated with air pollution The present population of Hyderabad pays the least concern to nature, and are regularly rejecting calls to protect the environment. They are not involved in resource allocation decisions, public opinions, and policy making (The Energy and Resources Institute 2013). The people are still unaware of the fact that the suspended particles carrying sulfur compounds are chemically reactive, with the potential to impact upon the environment. The TSPM in 2010 was 267.5, and in 2012 it reached a record 287, damaging the heritage sites, like Charminar and Lad Bazaar. Higher levels of PM10 pose greater threats to humans and the monuments (Rohit 2013). Humans have been sending different types of chemical compounds into the air through burning fossil fuels and running power plants and automobiles. These produce sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other pollutants that go up in the atmosphere. When rain or water particles come into contact with the higher percentage of these alkaline chemicals, the precipitation will become more acidic, causing acid rain, that harms humans and the whole environment (THE HANS INDIA 2015). Impact of Air Pollution on Health inHyderabad Air pollutants, like particulate matter will damage human health. A recent study has revealed that PM10exposure was responsible for the increase of mortality and morbidity rate in the area. The Concentration Response (CR) analysis based on the previous epidemiological studies, Human Capital Approach (HCA), and the Cost of Illness (COI) approach have proved that the transportation sector contributed 70% of the total air emissions inHyderabad. Places where the transportation facilities have been low, accorded a reduced level of PM10 concentrations to 1/3rd, recording significant improvement in mortality and incidences of CVD, as well as other lung diseases (Institute of Health Systems n.d.) Another report of Baseerat (2013) reveals that 20% of lung cancer mortality in the city are due to exposure to higher levels of carcinogenic agent contaminated air, and this relates to the rise in lung cancer in nonsmokers. The diesel smoke that grips the city will continue health hazards even for the future generations (Baseerat 2013). Chronic exposure to this sort of air pollution increases CVD and lung cancer risks. It alters immunity and causes chromosomal damage in people. The rise in the prevalence of depression and neurobehavioral illnesses is associated with the high PM10 61 - 90 g/m3 level air pollution in Hyderabad. Burning sensation, blurred vision, drunken feeling, depression, and forgetfulness are some of the symptoms attributed to neurobehavioral problems associated with air pollution (Ray Lahiri 2009). Tackling the Air Pollution problems (i) General Solution: Air quality in Hyderabad is much above the ambient air quality standards at national level. In order to reduce the levels of PM at the monitoring stations in commercial, industrial, and residential settings, at a level below the national ambient standard of 60 g/m3, stringent measures are required. The measures adopted must limit road dust and waste burning, and at the same time execute technological and institutional improvements in industrial and transport sectors for optimizing efficacies (Rao et al. 2016). The increased use of privately owned vehicles in the crowded areas of Chikkadapally, Paradise, Madhapur, Charminar, Punjagutta, Sanathnagar, Sainikpuri, Uppal, Jubilee Hills, etc., should be curtailed, and instead, deliberately promote the public transport system usage, by giving incentives. Turning off the engines, while waiting at signal points, and fixing CNG gas kit, as well as persuasion to walking and cycling can improve the situation (Hyderabad India Online 2016). Using public transportation, utilizing energy efficient devices, conserving energy, reusing things by recycling, and adopting clean energy technologies, like solar, wind and geothermal devices will lower the severity of air pollution problems (Rinkesh 2016). (ii) Policy making and infrastructure solutions: Policy makers can frame rules and regulations for effective management of air pollution at institutional and individual levels. Implementation of extensive ambient air quality-monitoring stations throughout the city can help the government in taking timely preventive measures to tackle air pollution problems at the point of source (APPCB 2016). The pharmaceutical companies should use effective effluent monitoring system to treat the wastewater before releasing it into the rivulets. The government must penalize the factory management heavily, if they violate the directions. Strict and error proof vigilance is required to ensure compliance (Kumar 2015). For meeting clean air and taking the initial gains, the second generation action needs to be instituted in public transport, following the first one. Adoption of leapfrog technology roadmap, along with the mobility transition roadmap and upscale public transport, will act as an effective modal shift in devising the motorized and non motorized transport systems. Integrating the citys formal and informal intermediate public transport (IPT) is another step to improve the flexibility of travel trips and reducing the mass shift towards personal vehicles in short distance commuting. All forms of transport must be coordinated to maximize the access, focusing on the JNNURM fund flow strictly, for improving the transportation system only (CSE 2011). Accelerating institutional reforms for facilitating the City Mobility Plan will bring positive results in integrated planning. It is beneficial for getting better land-use and mobility, and in achieving the required air quality and environmental gains. Building feasible and credible databases for fulfilling policy actions and conducting regular surveys for knowing the trends in fuel use, mode, and performance indicators can solve the transportation problems, considerably. The firm implementation of the second generation reforms will make the city cleaner for people, saving them from killer pollution, congestion, and global warming (CSE 2011). Conclusion Air pollution is a global issue confronting the humanity. The contamination of the air by the accumulation of primary and secondary pollutants contributes to air pollution, causing health hazards to humans and ecosystems. In India, the air pollution problem is acute and alarming, and is taking a death toll of 645,000 Indians every year, according to the latest report of the World Health Organization. The report is a warning sign to the Indian policy makers about their incompetency in tackling the air pollution problem. The fast urbanization and rapid population growth in India are responsible for this human made hazard. The major cities in India, like Delhi and Hyderabad are the most hit. The fundamental causes of air pollution in Hyderabad are the unrestricted and irresponsible using of privately owned vehicles and public transport system. Other sectors like, petrochemical industries and construction proceeds are also contributing factors to escalating air pollution problems. The mode of relying on biomass materials for cooking and heating is a subtle cause of air pollution. Lack of awareness and motivation on the part of the individuals and their opposition to legislative measures against air pollution, and the inert governmental machinery make things worse. The air pollution in Hyderabad impacts heavily upon the health of the city dwellers and poses challenges to the environment, damaging the several monuments and structures of heritage. Regarding the health of people, air pollution results in cancer, respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. Thousands of people are becoming victims of this problem. Several studies have revealed that if the air pollution is not curtailed immediately, the entire population will be at risk in the near future. Moreover, it will affect the coming generation too. The government has sought stringent measures to cope with this problem. Installation of air quality monitoring stations at various air polluted points in the city, with the help of international agencies is a major step in this regard. It is supposed that through an effective and regular monitoring of the air quality, the air pollution problem in Hyderabad could be solved by maintaining the national ambient standard of air quality. But, the public awareness and their readiness to cooperate, by desisting themselves from the regular use of personal vehicles, are the most wanting. That means, developing a willingness to rely on a streamlined public transport system, and a change in their lifestyle for accelerating the combat. Additionally, nurturing a liking to walking and cycling, together with lowering the use of biomass for combustion are a few of the many ways that alleviate the hazards of air pollution. Reference List Ali, LG Haruna, A 2015, Effects of Primary Air Pollutants on Human Health and Control Measures-A Review Paper, International Journal of Innovative Research Development, Vol 4, Issue 9. Available from: www.ijird.com. [8 October 2016]. Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) 2016, Air Quality Monitoring. Available from: https://appcb.ap.nic.in/ambient-air-monitoring/ [8 October 2016]. Baseerat, B 2013, 20% lung cancer caused by air pollution, Times of India. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/20-lung-cancer-caused-by-air-pollution/articleshow/25614900.cms [8 October 2016]. Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) 2011, Citizens report: Air Quality and Moility Challenges in Hyderabad. Available from: https://cseindia.org/userfiles/Hyderabad%20Report.pdf [8 October 2016]. Chauhan, C 2015, 13 out of world's top 20 polluted cities in India, only three in China, Hindustan Times. Available from: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/13-out-of-world-s-top-20-polluted-cities-in-india-only-three-in-china/story-myTrPZM8DHmQOhxB9cc5hI.html [8 October 2016]. European Environment Agency (EEA) 2013, Europes air today. Available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2013/articles/europes-air-today [8 October 2016]. Harvey, C 2016, Air pollution in India is so bad that it kills half a million people every year, The Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/05/11/air-pollution-in-india-is-so-bad-that-it-kills-half-a-million-people-every-year/?utm_term=.4fa4c5c3b2a3 [8 October 2016]. Guttikunda, SK Kopakka, RV 2014, Source emissions and health impacts of urban air pollution in Hyderabad, IndiaAir Qual Atmos Health 7: 195. doi:10.1007/s11869-013-0221-z Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-013-0221-z [8 October 2016]. Guttikunda, SK, Kopakka, RV, Dasari, P, Gertler, AW 2012, Receptor model-based source apportionment of particulate pollution in Hyderabad, India, Environ Monit Assess DOI 10.1007/s10661-012-2969-2. Available from: https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/pollution%20in%20Hyderabad.pdf [8 October 2016]. Hyderabad India Online 2016, Automobiles becoming major contributors for air pollution in Hyderabad City. Available from: https://hyderabad-india-online.com/2016/05/automobiles-contributes-major-air-pollution-hyderabad/ [8 October 2016]. Institute of Health Systems n.d., Health Effects of Air Pollution in Hyderabad. Available from: https://www.ihs.org.in/BurdenOfDisease/Health%20Effects%20of%20Air%20Pollution%20in%20Hyderabad.htm [8 October 2016]. Kumar, GR 2015, Pollution in Hyderabad affects the cost of living, The Hans India. Available from: https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-11-14/Pollution-in-Hyderabad-affects-the-cost-of-living/186475 [8 October 2016]. Pozzer, A, Zimmermann, P, Doering, UM, van Aardenne, J, Tost, H, Dentener, F, Janssens-Maenhout, G Lelieveld, J 2012, Effects of business-as-usual anthropogenic emissions on air quality. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 8617-8676, doi:10.5194/acpd-12-8617-2012. Available from: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/6915/2012/acp-12-6915-2012.pdf [8 October 2016]. Rinkesh 2016, What is Air pollution?, Conserve Energy Future. Available from: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-air-pollution.php [8 October 2016]. Riffat, S, Powell, R Aydin, D 2016. Future cities and environmental sustainability. Future Cities and Environment 2:1. DOI: 10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2. Available from: https://futurecitiesenviro.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40984-016-0014-2 [8 October 2016]. Rohit, PS 2013, Air pollution turning Charminar black, The Times of India. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Air-pollution-turning-Charminar-black/articleshow/19248692.cms [8 October 2016]. Ray, MR Lahiri, T 2009, Air Pollution and its Effects on Health Case Studies, India, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute. Available from: https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/MRay_0.pdf [8 October 2016]. Rao, KV, Raveendhar, N, Swamy, AVVS 2016, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, IJIRSET, Vol. 5, Issue 4, DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2016.0504023. Available from: https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2016/april/23_STATUS.pdf [8 October 2016]. Thakur, A 2016, 1.4 million lives lost in India due to air pollution in 2013: Study. Times of India. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/1-4-million-lives-lost-in-India-due-to-air-pollution-in-2013-Study/articleshow/54203786.cms [8 October 2016]. TERI 2015, Air Pollution and Health: Discussion Paper. The Energy and Resources Institute: New Delhi. Available from: https://www.teriin.org/projects/teddy/pdf/air-pollution-health-discussion-paper.pdf [8 October 2016].

Muslim Women Essay Example

Muslim Women Essay The Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) is a human right treaty for women. The basic structure of the organization is based upon three principles: equality, non-discrimination and state obligation. This organization has set some rules to eliminate discrimination against women. This organization set some specific rules which the state has to agree with and implement it on their state. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Fatwas have been issued in some of the Islamic countries barring Muslim Women from participating in elections on the grounds that it will bring them into contact with men. Such Fatwas hardly had any impact on women and the Muslim voters; who promptly ignored them. A fatwa banning Muslim women’s participation in elections (as contestants) has also been issued with the rider that if they still participate in elections, they may do so wearing the veil. MARRIAGE RIGHTS The Muslim civil code has provided the Muslim man with a right to polygamy, though the prophet mentioned the subject only once. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, a Muslim woman cannot marry a non-Muslim whereas a man can. Contrary to the general notion of equality, a husband is also granted a partial unilateral right of divorce. He can dissolve his marriage by uttering the word talaq thrice even without stating the reasons and in the absence of his wife who merely needs to be informed. On the other hand, a woman can divorce her husband only if: * An agreement is made before or after the marriage by which she is at liberty to divorce herself from her husband under certain specified conditions which are not opposed to the policies of Islamic Law. Unawareness about his whereabouts for 4 years. * failure to get maintenance for 2 years, * impotency, insanity of the husband, or if he is suffering from some venereal disease, * cruelty and option of puberty i. e. if she was married before the age of 15. RIGHTS OF A MUSLIM WIDOW ON HER HUSBAND’S PROPERTY * The widow has to give full account of all the income and profits of the estate. * She cannot sell or gift her property to anyone. * She can file a suit for the recovery of the mahr –debt. She can satisfy her mahr debt out of the rents and profits of the property. RAPE LAW According to the sunnah, a woman should not be punished for having been coerced into having sex. This attitude towards rape is discussed in the following hadith: During the time of Muhammad punishment was inflicted on the rapist on the solitary evidence of the woman who was raped by him. Wail ibn Hujr reports of an incident when a woman was raped. Later, when some people came by, she identified and accused the man of raping her. They seized him and brought him to Allahs messenger, who said to the woman, Go away, for Allah has forgiven you, but of the man who had raped her, he said, Stone him to death. (Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud). According to a  Sunni  hadith, the punishment for committing rape is death, there is no blame attached to the victim. According to  Al-Mawardi, an 11th century specialist in Islamic jurisprudence (sharia), if either the victim or a witness kills the perpetrator of rape during the crime, in order to prevent furthering the violence of the act, the killing is permissible and is exempt from the laws of murder and killing. However right now it is far from uncommon for a woman who raises claims of rape to be not only denied justice, but to be charged as a criminal herself for committing fornication or adultery. DRESS CODE Hijab  is the Quranic requirement that Muslims, both male and female, dress and behave modestly. The most important Quranic verse relating to  hijab  is  sura  , which says, And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not to display their adornment except that which ordinarily appears thereof and to draw their headcovers over their chests and not to display their adornment except to their [maharim] There are regional and sectarian variations of the veil associated with  hijab. Depending upon local views regarding female modesty, they may or may not cover the face or the eyes, or the entire body. These variations include: * Hijab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A scarf covering the hair. * Chador  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A cloak covering the head and body, but leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in Iran when outside the home. * Shayla  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, pinned or tucked at the shoulder, leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in the Persian Gulf region. Khimar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, covering the head, neck and shoulders, but leaving the face uncovered. * Burka  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Covers the entire head and body, including the eyes; the wearer sees through a cloth mesh eye veil sewn into the burka. * Al-Amira  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A two-piece veil that includes a close-fitting cap and a tube-shaped scarf covering the head and neck, but leaving the face uncovered. * Niqab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A veil that leaves the eye clear (although it may be worn with an eye veil), and worn with a headscarf. The  hijab, and the veil in particular, have often been viewed by many as a sign of oppression of Muslim women. The wearing of the  hijab  has become controversial in countries where Muslims are a minority, and where majority secular opinions regard the  hijab  as violating womens freedom, especially in Europe amid increasing immigration of Muslims In some countries where Muslims are a minority, there is much less public opposition to the practise, although concerns about it are discussed. Canadian media, for example, have covered controversies where concerns have been raised over the veil being a possible security risk, as in cases where Muslim women have refused to remove their  niqab  or  burkaveil for voter identification at polls. Case study: India SCHEMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA * Multi-Sectoral Development Project (MSDP) to rehabilitate Muslim women who are destitute or have been abandoned by their husbands. WEST BENGAL * Leadership development of minority women scheme. KSWWF(karnatka state wakf foundation for women development)-In the scheme Medical relief is provided to Muslim Minorities woman and girls for medical treatment. * Health Relief to Muslim Minorities Women and Girls- karnatka * Training of Muslim Women in Stitching, Embroidery and Knitting * Providing Computer Training to Minorities Muslim Women * Stipend to Muslim Minorities Girls learning Urdu DTP Course * Starting Pre-Primary School for Muslim Children by NGOs EMPLOYMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA The constitution of India confers equal citizenship rights on all Indians and provides safeguards for minorities. Constitutional safeguards are meant to ensure the full and active participation of all communities including Muslims in the country’s public life. Article 14 of the Constitution grants equality to all citizens without discrimination on grounds of caste, language or religion.. Muslim women have the lowest work participation rate (WPR) among all three categories of work, with a large gap between the WPRs for Muslim women, Hindu or Christian women. Sixty percent of Muslim women are self-employed – the highest percentage among all three religious categories i. e. Hindus, Christians and Muslims. The living conditions are linked with to the employment patterns and working conditions and the worker population rates for Muslim women are lower than for women in other socio-religious category (SRC). Most of the Muslim women are self employed; they prefer to work at home. As compared to other SRCs, Muslims are concentrated more in self-employed activities and their participation in regular jobs, especially in non-agriculture is much less than for others. A significantly higher share of Muslim workers in self-employment can be seen in urban areas as compared to rural are areas and for women who prefer home-based activities. The share of Muslims in regular work, especially in the government, public sector and large private sector is very low. LIVING CONDITIONS OF INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN Muslim women are suffering from both internal and external oppression. Muslim men practice what they themselves believe is Islamic and oppress their women and refuse to entertain any thought of change. Many educated Muslim women thus start believing there can be no liberation within Islam and seek their freedom through secular laws. Ultimately, the source of their oppression is sought to be located in Islam itself, which is projected as an allegedly patriarchal religion, supposedly hostile to women’s rights and gender-justice. Wearing of Hijab and Burqa is still in practice in India. So, to conclude, Muslim legal traditions in India, for women have developed to an extent, but the society still remains orthodox and conservative. Muslims are still in minority. Various welfare schemes for the development of Muslim Women have been introduced and the country. . Case study: gulf countries In Gulf countries, following is the prevalent tradition: Education Progress on bridging the gender gap in social indicators has been impressive in Gulf Countries, mainly because of heavy public sector investments in education and health sectors, from which women have benefited significantly. Gulf countries has made substantial gains in the education of women. Statistics show that girls are equal to boys in tertiary, secondary and primary level of education in Gulf countries and 60% of all university students in the six states of the Gulf are women. Employment Women in the Gulf countries had been influenced by societys traditions. Their economic participation and their status position are become low and weak in comparisons with their life at the begging of Islam. Nevertheless, Gulf women have played a role in for as long as these societies have existed, through their effective role in the family and in their tribes, and supplementing the family income with a little local trading or through weaving and handicrafts and agricultural work and in some cases fighting beside their men. Nowadays, women in the Gulf are at the forefront of the economic life of their societies, in the labor force, in politics, in civil organizations, and, in that most crucial area of life, in economics. Gulf countries remain a patriarchal society. Saudi Arabia forbids Muslim women even to drive. , Women earlier weren’t allowed to go to mosques because of fears of unchastity caused by interaction between sexes; this condition persisted until the late 1960s. Since then, women have become increasingly involved in the mosque, though men and women generally worship separately. Dress code and covering the full body, specially for the young women is still very strictly to be followed in some of the Gulf countries. The primary aim of women is not to earn money, but to look after her family, therefore, employment is still less in the gulf countries, even after gradual increase over decades. 1 . http://webspace. webring. com/people/gh/husociology1/1/muslimwomen2008. pdf [ 2 ]. http://www. pucl. org/from-archives/Gender/muslim-women. htm [ 3 ]. http://www. indianexpress. om/news/west-bengal-plans-scheme-to-aid-muslim-women/979145 [ 4 ]. http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2013-01-06/lucknow/36173792_1_minority-women-muslim-women-sachar-committee [ 5 ]. http://kswwf. com/schemes-for-muslim-women. html [ 6 ]. http://www. unhcr. org/refworld/pdfid/469cbfcc0. pdf [ 7 ]. http://www. iimahd. ernet. in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/12051717332012-09-03. pdf , pg-20 [ 8 ]. http://www. csss-isla. com [ 9 ]. http://www. ummid. com/news/2010/January/03. 01. 2010/socio_cultural_impediments_to_muslim_women. htm

Wright and Dostoevsky essays

Wright and Dostoevsky essays Both Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in Crime and Punishment and Richard Wright, in Native Son look to men who have been pushed beyond reason into murder, and both authors ask us what justice means in such a context. The answers that the authors provide are quite different - which should hardly be surprising since both authors suggest that ideas of justice must reflect the local realities of life in a given place and time and the settings for each of the novels is dramatically different. But the answers that each provides are also strikingly open-ended: We must ourselves decide in the end what justice was granted and what denied to Both novels ask us to decide for ourselves what moral action is possible in a society in which justice is scarce, and our answer to that question in large measure will reflect our own experiences of how justice A Man With No Place To Go Wright's novel - arguably one of the most influential American books of the 20th century - relates the story of Bigger Thomas, a man who had never had a fair chance in life because of the racism he faces as an African-American. We see him traveling downward through society and we can predict that his actions will lead him (as in fact they do) to crime and punishment. As a young black man in a decade (the 1930s) and a place (Chicago) that sees him as only being of possible use as a slightly more intelligent than average beast of burden) he is trapped and made desperate by a future in which the walls will continue to close in on him. His desperation, and his anger (as well as his underlying personality) lead him to the edge of violence and then push him over and he murders a young white woman. From this moment on he cannot hope to find any help, any hope, in a society that already had very little use He is abandon...

Birds in the Poetry of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats

Birds in the Poetry of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats The Birds of Romance By definition, freedom is the absence of subjection to foreign domination. Some of the most liberated beings in the world are found in nature. In nature, plants and animals are not suppressed by the constraints of man. These human boundaries include time, money and physical restraints. Birds, are commonly viewed as the most liberated animals to have ever existed. The popular phrase, â€Å"free as a bird† has been coined as a result of the large amount of freedom possessed by birds. Not everyone can understand the full magnitude of what birds truly symbolize. However, birds have provided inspiration to several intellectuals over the years. In fact, the romantic period was a time when birds were a major staple of freedom and liberty. The followers of the romantic era were devout believers in becoming one with nature and discovering enlightenment within oneself. Some of the greatest influences and minds of the romantic era were poets and writers. These romantic writers included William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. For all of these romantic poets, birds represented different aspects of life and their poetry reflected their different views. During the romantic era, poets used birds as a symbol of freedom and they expressed the meaning of this symbol in their own unique way. Based on the poetry readings and personal background information about the romantic poets previously listed, one can view the meanings and purposes of birds during the romantic era. On April 7 of 1770, the second child of John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson was born. This child’s name was William Wordsworth and he would grow up to be one of the greatest poets of all time. Wordsworth grew up in Cockermouth, Cumberland, which is part of a northwestern area in England known as the Lake District. Wordsworth grew up with several individuals that provided him with encouragement for his literary prowess. In fact, Wordsworth’s mother â€Å"had been his first teacher, giving him instruction in reading, while his father made him learn by heart passages from Shakespeare, Milton and Spenser† (Legouis 18). However, Wordsworth was still plagued with negativity in his life time, such as losing his brother and being separated from his lover as well as his daughter during the â€Å"French Revolution†. Wordsworth overcame his trials by finding solace in nature, much like a bird finds refuge in the wilderness. Writer Margaret Wanless stated that â€Å"Na ture was to Wordsworth a great, wonderful passion, beautiful in itself alone†, meaning that Wordsworth drew most of his inspiration from the natural elements (Wanless 4). While being inspired by nature, Wordsworth was also fond of birds and other forms of natural wildlife. In one of his more popular poems â€Å"To the Cuckoo† Wordsworth describes his journey into a valley by exclaiming â€Å"O blithe New-comer! I have heard, I hear thee and rejoice. O Cuckoo! shall I call thee Bird, Or but a wandering Voice?† (Cuckoo-Wordsworth 1). He goes on to say â€Å"The same whom in my school-boy days I listened to; that Cry Which made me look a thousand ways In bush, and tree, and sky† (Cuckoo-Wordsworth 20). This line explains that the nostalgic sound of the cuckoo reminded Wordsworth of his childhood and the large sense of wonder that birds and other animals gave him. Wordsworth has written other poem such as â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring†, which has been â€Å"Often dismissed as a dogmatic display of ingenuous nature-worship, this poem nevertheless reveals an unsuspected thematic complexity in its portrayal of the relationship between nature and human society† (McKusick 34). According to his writings, Wordsworth is emotionally attached to nature and the freedom that nature contains. Wordsworth had a close friend that was also a literary genius in his own unique way. His friends name was Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge himself was not exempt from worldly issues and matters beyond his control. Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772, in Ottery St Mary, a town in Devon, England. The struggles that Coleridge faced included his father’s death, his childhood illnesses and his strong addiction to opium. While spending time with nature, Coleridge gained an almost spiritual knowledge and his writing reflected his intellect. One of his most popular pieces of writing was titled â€Å"The Rime of The Ancient Mariner†, which was â€Å"a connection beyond the force of his human responsibilities, whether conventional or personal, either of which can seem arbitrary† (Fischer 183). This poem focuses on a man who has killed an albatross while at sea. An albatross is a large bird that spends most of its time at sea. The main character of the poe m, â€Å"The Mariner† recalls an old memory and shares it with a wedding guest while they were attending a wedding ceremony. â€Å"The Mariner† tells the wedding guest about his sea journey and states â€Å"At length did cross an Albatross, Thorough the fog it came; As if it had been a Christian soul, We hailed it in Gods name†, as if the large bird was a sign from God himself (Coleridge Part 1). Later on in the poem â€Å"The Mariner† states that â€Å"With my cross-bow I shot the ALBATROSS† (Coleridge Part 1). In a sense, â€Å"The Mariner† was shooting at a divine spirit of some sort. It is speculated that â€Å"He thus may have killed the bird not to radicalize his distance from it, as suggested earlier, but to silence the birds claim upon him† (Fischer 183). According to Coleridge, the albatross represented more than a large bird. The Albatross also stood as a â€Å"Christ figure† in the sense of dying because of wrongful actions. Percy Bysshe Shelley was an interesting figure during the â€Å"Romantic Era†, because he did not reach any major fame until after his death. Shelly’s life was surrounded by complications during his adolescent years. Shelly would also find himself confined within an unhealthy marriage after eloping himself with Harriet Westbrook. After Shelley’s passing, several of his poems became popular. One of his most memorable pieces of writing was called â€Å"To a Skylark† and in it Shelley â€Å"brings the attention of bird and teaches us to enjoy natural attitude of it† (Sofi 82). In this poem, Shelley asks for wisdom from the Skylark by saying â€Å"Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must know, such harmonious madness from my lips would flow the world should listen then, as I am listening now† (Shelley 105). Shelly believes that the skylark can bestow enlightenment upon him and teach him about becoming one with nature. Over time â€Å"She lley accepts that natural (fountains, fields, waves, mountains etc.) things are the source of happiness. He feels human beings are beyond the happiness of this bird. If they give up hate, pride, fear and sorrow they will reach the steeps of joy like Skylark† (Sofi 83). John Keats was one of the main figure heads for the second wave of the â€Å"Romantic Era†. Keats’ work was published only a few years before his death. However, Keats died at the young age of twenty-five. Keats was â€Å"well-loved by all poets, especia1ly by those of his own era, and has been termed the bard of beauty (Wanless 20). One of the most popular poems that Keats wrote is named â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†. In it, he mentions his incredible drowsiness when he states â€Å"My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains. My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains† (Keats 1). Keats later goes on and speaks of happiness by saying â€Å"Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness,— That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees In some melodious plot† (Keats 5). Keats exclaims that he is extremely overjoyed for the happiness of the nightingale and he would also like to understand why the nightingale is so happy. The peculiar thing about Keats â€Å"was alert to the least little sight or sound in; nature, so much so that with the help of his wonderful imagery, his readers senses are awakened just as his were and we have before us a glorious world that some of us have never seen or heard or smelt before† (Wanless 20). Keats understood that birds also possessed these senses of enlightenment. The poets of the â€Å"Romantic Era† deeply understood the symbolic importance of birds and what they represented in nature. The â€Å"Romantics† and their love for birds can even be seen at a scientific level â€Å"with the use of pleasure in poems by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats. This link between the poetic and the scientific in Romantic natural history also reveals aspects of our current cultural sense of the interrelatedness of human and nonhuman nature† (Bartram 1). Susan Wolfson once said that â€Å"in theory and practice, Romanticism addressed, debated, tested, and contested fundamental questions about what is at stake in poetic forming of language† (Wolfson 1). That statement goes on to say that â€Å"The Romantic Poets† can completely grasp the concept of freedom and so much more. During the â€Å"Romantic Era†, poets use birds as inspiration and for a symbol for freedom and nature. Each poet understood that birds rep resent liberty, but each poet searched for liberty in their own unique fashion. It can be an albatross, a nightingale, cuckoo or even a skylark. Each of these birds has the ability to spread their wings and soar towards freedom.

Small Firms in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Small Firms in UK - Essay Example For these reasons, small business industry is critical to UK economic development and social cohesion. They provide a medium for retirees and other potential unemployed persons to have gainful employment and contribute fully and independently to wider society. Small businesses have been contributing to employment and manufacturing since the 1960s. The increasing rates of self-employment have been attributed to; a parallel rise in rates of unemployment (e.g., retirees, unspecialised graduates); reductions in levels of unemployment benefits and government incentives; and the increasing importance of technology in the information service industry. In the early 1970s there were changes to the industrial structure across the globe of industrialised nations. Initially, the value of the small business decreased, but by the 1970s the structure of manufacturing saw dramatic changes and small firms began to provide better quality of products and services than larger corporations, particularly in areas of rapid technological changes (e.g., electronics). Over time, small firms began again to add value to the UK economy, and among many small businesses their rates of employment increased. So that there has been a significant shift in industrial structure back to the small firm amongst industrialised nations (Landstrom, 2005).The shift brought within environmental opportunities to be exploited by entrepreneurs with their innovations and business developments. Political discourse began to focus upon entrepreneurship, receiving support from Margaret Thatcher in the mid 1980s and strong policy was introduced to support small businesses and entrepreneurship. The research interest in small business increased during this period, and social scientists began to contribute to research directions and understandings. This has led to a strong multi-disciplinary approach to small business research in the UK today. (Landstom, 2005). During the 1990s the interest become more about growth orientated established businesses. Tony Blair took a much more narrow and focused approach to reforms as compared to Thatcher, targeting technology-based firms and socially inclusive entrepreneurship as ways to bring 'life' back to weak regions of industry (Landstrom, 2005). The present government provides most of the funding for research into small business dynamics and the contributions of such entities to the growth and strength of the UK nation. However, this also biases the areas that research goes into, what interests the government and this could counter advances in knowledge and processes. However, funding from the government does require the use of empirical investigative techniques, ethical considerations and a policy focus to research endeavours. With the consolidation of small business research there was a great support for entrepreneurship.As industrialised nations shift manufacturing sectors to less developed natio ns to lower the costs of production, the likelihood of unemployment has increased. This global shift in industry structure has fostered employment opportunities for some through small businesses (AusIndustry, 2006). Current trends of redundancy for older workers, such as those in middle management positions have seen some retirees adapting self