Points of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay Example

Purposes of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay Example Purposes of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay Purposes of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay The subject of â€Å"Tradition† is hazardous while with respect to verifiable sources relating to old Greece. Quite a bit of what we think about old occasions originates from abstract sources and different engravings, for example, Herodotus. Having been composed by individuals of the age, impacted by oral custom just as political and social atmospheres, and not as verifiable research, these works ought not be taken actually. What's more, a few, similar to Osborne, would state are consequently excluded as verifiable proof. While looking at the instance of the establishment of Cyrene, we should initially evaluate the nature of our fundamental wellspring of data regarding the matter Herodotus. Herodotus, who wrote in the fifth century BC, recounts to us of the narratives he had gotten notification from the individuals of Cyrene and the individuals of Thera (The asserted Mother-city of Cyrene) with respect to the establishing of Cyrene. Osborne’s perusing of Herodotus’ stories passes on they are not as one. He asserts that the Theran story accentuates the troubles they experienced and the measure of cautious arranging put into the establishing attempt, while the Cyrenian form tells only of their author and first ruler, Battos. He clarifies these distinctions by taking a gander at the socio-practical atmosphere at the time the content was composed. The Therans had an enthusiasm to keep their verifiable connections with prosperous Cyrene perfectly healthy, while it was significant for the Cyrenian government, the Battiads, to accentuate Battos’ job to legitimize themselves, just as assert Cyrene’s autonomy. It is clear since these accounts depended on each side’s interests and needs, and are particular and overstated. Malkin excuses Osborne’s introduction of Herodotus’ accounts as clashing, and recommends that with further examination of the content it becomes clear that the Theran adaptation is a joined Theran-Cyrenian one, and the â€Å"Cyrenian† story is in reality simply used to fill what is absent in the Theran form. He concurs that the accounts, particularly that of Battos’ beginnings, are loaded up with misrepresented and legendary components, conceived of different social needs, yet denies this is adequate grounds to toss all â€Å"Traditional† proof we have away. In model we see that in the consolidated Theran-Cyrenian rendition, it is said that all pilgrims of the original were Theran, and that no new pioneers showed up for a long time. This stands in direct clash with a huge number of archeological and customary proof †Including that Polis around Cyrene give indications of settlement previously during Cyrene’s original of pioneers. We likewise discover proof of Spartan stoneware at Taucheira since its original that is clearly of too poor a quality to have been imports. Malkin settle the archeological issue by saying there were numerous different pioneers from everywhere throughout the Greek world that settled in Cyrene, and after some time got mixed in and their starting points overlooked, a reality uncovered by sixth century changes that isolated Cyrenians by their source. This osmosis procedure happened in response to the ascent of different Polis around Cyrene, constraining them to separate themselves by making a uniform way of life as Therans. What we find in this procedure is that while certain realities may change, an essential casing of the story stays consistent. The Sworn Undertaking of the Founders is a report composed by the Therans and credited to before the pilgrims from Thera set out to Libya, refered to by Herodotus during his record of the establishment of Cyrene, and later introduced by the Therans to the Cyrenians in the fourth century when coming to guarantee citizenship. Osborne identifies with The Sworn Undertaking of the Founders with distrust, he asserts the content contains numerous components which are strange in an eighth century record, for example, the behind the times approach of cruising â€Å"On equivalent and reasonable terms† and the case to having started from a get together at Thera, and questions the text’s genuineness. He expresses the purpose behind the Cyrenians ability to acknowledge this distinctive variant of their past as that the now fallen Battiad government had become a shame, and the Cyrenians were glad to embrace a form in which Battos not, at this point assumed a significant job, and that better fitted their present needs. Be that as it may, claims Malkin, this examination depends on the Therans having a genuinely unclear and short-named memory of their past, which, as observed by Teuchydides’ story of refugee’s from Epidemnus coming to Corcyra and bringing up their precursors grave, was not the situation as oral convention, yet in addition outside confirmation from guests helped keep the memory alive. Besides, as found in the account of Cyrene itself as told by Herodotus, as of now in the sixth century individuals viewed Thera as the normal home for ousts from Cyrene. With respect to Battos’ having become an object of humiliation to the Cyrenians, both the Theran rendition and the Agreement name Battos as organizer and lord, and in certainty certify his situation as pioneer on Thera’s authority. Moreover, it is impossible that Battos had dropped out of effortlessness with the Cyrenians because of the fall of the government; his grave in the marketplace was counseled as an Oraculum and functions held close to it, paying little mind to the changing political atmosphere, Battos’ character stayed courageous and mythic in the people’s psyches and his memory critical to the Cyrenians’ aggregate personality. We additionally discover proof of the fame of the Founder’s religion in spots, for example, Gela, where a cup was found with an engraving devoting it to the city’s author. What we see through the models given by Malkin is that custom isn’t as dissolvable as it initially appears. Individuals have a requirement for similarity, and search for constants on which to base their own and aggregate personality. To that degree we have society stories, strict convictions and functions, and different social congruities of thought and conduct, that are passed on and keep up their structure if not particulars, so as to hold a durable social uniform. Taking everything into account, there is a sure measure of wariness with which one must move toward the investigation of custom ever, and care with which to see what we see as truth, be that as it may, deliberate suspicion is additionally perilous, and one should cautiously look at and separate the legendary from the real, and the consistent from the evolving.

A Year Round Education and Staff Burnout

As our populace expands, schools are being confronted with the issues of congestion and under financing. Many school regions are proposing an all year training program. I feel that all year training is just a â€Å"quick fix† for school regions d will be negative to educators kids and families. Congestion in schools is turning into an issue in practically all networks. Numerous schools are building trailers and increases to suit a higher limit. A few regions are proposing building new schools. This raises issues of changing boundarie transporting, and higher expenses. A few areas are proposing a multi-track all year instruction program. By all accounts, all year instruction appears to be a coherent answer for the congestion. Youngsters are isolated into four tracks. Each track follows an alternate calendar going to class for about a month and a half at that point having three weeks off. This implies there is an ays one track out of school. This arrangement builds the school†s limit by 25%. The all year training plan will just briefly set aside citizens cash. Schools were not made to be all year offices, numerous schools are no even cooled. Upkeep and janitorial staff should be employed full time all year. They ll need to invest over energy to complete tasks and bigger ventures should be contracted out. The extra expense for transportation, utilities, bolster staff, ect, may not merit the burden. Also the additional wear that a school sick take by having youngsters in it all year. Over the long haul, keeping up a school for an entire year may end up being all the more expensive. Staff burnout is another worry with all year training. Educators will not, at this point have the option to enhance their pay throughout the mid year with occasional employments. In certain plans instructors will have the option to either take the breaks with the kids or go about as a s stitute for the tracks who are in school. In the event that the educators decide to substitute they will pass up their breaks, allowing for arranging and unwinding. Instructors will pass up projects to facilitate their training, along these lines hindering their prof Administrators deteriorate bargain. They are currently answerable for four â€Å"mini schools† and school is consistently in meeting so escaping is in some cases hard. A few plans offer to recruit a subsequent chief legitimized by the expanded populace. Another cost I rred continuously round training plan. All year training may influence the nature of instruction for certain youngsters. Instructors with more training, accreditations, and residency will decide on the favored track. Youngsters on the less favored track will get an alternate nature of instruction. Great t chers when all is said in done may lean toward schools who have the conventional school year. The all year instruction plan likewise negatively affects the family time from numerous points of view. In certain plans two kids from a similar family may not be on a similar track and along these lines don't have similar breaks. Booking time for family excursions will be more diligently One kid will consistently need to mind a sleep time. Taking family travels is inconceivable except if one kid is removed from school. Non custodial guardians will likewise have an issue investing their energy with their kids. Presently most dynamic non-custodial guardians take their kids for a huge segment of the Summer break. This time went through with the non-custodial parent gives the kid an ense of â€Å"living† with that parent. This game plan will never again be a reality. Expanded time with the non-custodial parent will scarcely be conceivable except if again one kid is removed from school. I accept this will likewise cause many separated from guardians t eturn to court to overhaul their announcements, another expense to citizens and guardians. All year instruction may likewise put a money related strain on working guardians. Numerous guardians depend on more seasoned kin to watch more youthful kin during school breaks. On the off chance that the school schedules don†t match guardians will as a rule need to pay for interchange care. A few specialists believe that an all year training will be gainful to kids since they won't have the long break where information is lost. They are worried about the data that is lost. I accept that data will be lost in any case if an ild isn't really intrigued. School is a spot to figure out how to learn and to get familiar with the establishments of the world around. School is where the data sort of learning should occur. Maintenance is constantly a worry with any break, b contemplates show that learning misfortune starts to happen during the initial a little while. By having more breaks during the year we may discover additionally learning is lost. The ceaseless school year can be unpleasant for a youngster. With a multi-track framework companions will have various breaks making youngsters envy various calendars and be discontent with their own. Kids will pass up occasions or need to de with the expectation of school the following day. With a multi week break kids scarcely get the chance to unwind before planning for school beginning once more. For youngsters who don't especially appreciate school this can be an incredibly upsetting on the grounds that there I not a long enough break to rise themselves in something that they appreciate. Extra curricular exercises will likewise be affected. Understudies may need to go to practices and gatherings on their off weeks. They will hazard passing up the group exercises, pre-game events, and significant occasions. It is difficult to plan four separate da es, science fairs, and homecoming games. School will never stop so understudies won't get the break that they merit. The projects themselves will get a lower turnout. I accept that less well known clubs and associations will in the end be no more. Somebody offered a the conversation starter that if all year training was the conventional school schedule, and a â€Å"new calendar† was proposed where kids were just taught for nine months every year would the American open even think about it? My answer is, â€Å"ye The possibility of all year tutoring returns to the seventeenth century. It is really 200 years more established that the conventional school year. The most seasoned all year school today is just thirty years of age. This implies every other school once selected I recall my own Summer get-aways. The initial fourteen days were constantly spent slowing down from the long school year. At that point we started to wander out and leave on new experiences. I can recall long bicycle rides and mapping out new spots to investigate, ea day getting more distant in to a type of journey. Sleepovers each other day at each other†s house with my nearby neighbor. At the point when I was a youngster we remained with my dad in Chicago for about a month and a half of the Summer. That was an encounter I could never relin ish. Over the Summer my family took get-aways. We went paddling in the limit waters of Canada and drove crosscountry spontaneously without the expectation of preparing for school. School assumes the job of showing youngsters how to learn. Summer break is an opportunity to apply what they have realized and advance their lives with individual experience. Changing to an all year instruction plan will be impeding to our children†s issue s ving abilities, inventiveness, and bliss. Generally speaking, I accept that there are such a large number of ruins and insufficient advantages to changing to all year training. Going to all year training as an answer for congestion in schools would just be a transitory arrangement. An all year instruction wo d put an excessive amount of weight on our youngsters, families, staff, and network. We ought to gain from an earlier time and leave the conventional school year in affability.

6 Degrees of Separation From Gabriel García Márquez to Susan Sontag

6 Degrees of Separation From Gabriel García Márquez to Susan Sontag The publishing community is connected, and many authors know each other. Some connections are famous like Nobel Laureates Nelly Sachs and Selma Lagerlof, who were good friends. Lagerlof even helped Sachs escape from the Nazis and relocate to Sweden. Also, Nobel Laureate Toni Morrison was a long-time friend of James Baldwin. According to the six degrees of separation, any two people can be connected by a maximum of six people. This inspired me to connect García Márquez with Sontagâ€"authors coming from different parts of the Americas. Gabriel García Márquez Born in 1927 in northern Colombia, Gabriel García Márquez is one of the most-read authors from Latin America. Affectionately called Gabo, he was awarded a Nobel Prize in Literature in 1982. Mostly a fiction writer, some of his well-known works are Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude); Crónica de una muerte anunciada (Chronicle of a Death Foretold); and El amor en los tiempos de cólera (Love in the Time of Cholera). One of the notable interviews that he did through the years was with Chilean poet Pablo Neruda. Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda is another Nobel Laureate, having received the award in 1971. Born in 1904 in Parral, Chile, he lived in Temuco during his early years. The poets real name was  Neftalí Ricardo Reyes Basoalto. He adopted the last name Neruda from Czechoslovakian poet, Jan Neruda. Among his popular collections of poems are: Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair), and  Residencia en la tierra (Residence on Earth). In addition to meeting Gabriela Mistral at a young age, Neruda also knew Federico García Lorca, according to the Nobel Prize organization. Chilean writer Isabel Allende was once invited to interview him. Isabel Allende During that scheduled interview, Pablo Neruda told Isabel Allendeâ€"then a journalistâ€"that she should write literature. Born in 1942, Allende has also worked as a college professor. Her first novel, La casa de los espíritus (The House of the Spirits), brought her writing international attention. Other popular books of hers include De amor y de sombra (Of Love and Shadows) and Hija de la fortuna (Daugther of Fortune). According to her biography, shes received many awards, including the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom and the PEN Center Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2018, when she received an award by the National Book Foundation, so did author Sigrid Nunez. Sigrid Nunez Novelist Sigrid Nunez has won several awards for her writing, including Whiting Writers Award and the Rome Prize in Literature. She was born in New York City, where she grew up. Nunez’s work has been translated into nine languages and is in the process of being translated into fourteen more, her official website says. As a professor, Nunez has taught at the following colleges: Boston University, Princeton, Columbia and the New School. So far, she has published seven books and her most celebrated has been The Friend. Nunez has also written for journals like The Paris Review, Threepenny Review, Tin House, and more. One of her books is titled Sempre Susan: A Memoir of Susan Sontag. Susan Sontag Susan Sontag wrote in different stylesâ€"novels, essays, screenplays and reviews. Books of hers include The Benefactor, Styles of Radical Will, On Photography and Death Kit. During her lifetime, she spent a significant period of time in New York City. In 2019, The Metropolitan Museum of Arts Gala theme was Camp, inspired by her essay from 1964 Notes on Camp. Musicians Harry Styles and Lady Gaga, tennis star Serena Williams, and Alessandro Michele, the creative director of Gucci were the co-chairs of the event.

Essay on Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses many elements of symbolism to help the readers gain a greater understanding of his message. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place, or thing, used to portray something beyond its self. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly stripped away from the boys as conflict between civilization and savagery arises. The conch shell represents power and authority. Whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to give power, like a crown. quot;Conch?quot; quot;Thats what†¦show more content†¦quot;There was a ship. Out there. You said youd keep the fire going and you let it out! They might have seen us. We might have gone home.quot; (Golding, 70) As the novel continues and the boys start to lose their sense of civilization; we learn that objects don’t really give power when people choose not to obey it. Ralph says, quot;Things are breaking up. I don’t know why. We began well, we were happy.quot; (Golding, 89) When it comes down to it, simple things, like people not thinking, make them capable of destruction. Ralph was very popular in the beginning of the story, however as the novel proceeds and the society deteriorates, the popular leader is abandoned for a strong-armed dictator, Jack Merridew. Jack was first described with an ugly sense of cruelty that made him naturally unlikable. Without adults as a superior and responsible authority, he began to lose his fear of being punished for improper actions and behaviors. There are always people who, in a group, come out with better qualities as a leader than others. The strongest people, however, become the greater influences, which the others decide to follow. Jack only cares about being powerful he’s not out for the benefit of everyone; he’s only out for the benefit of himself. Symbolically Jack breaks away from good when he baptizes himself with the blood of the slaughtered pig. He discovered the paint allowed himShow MoreRelatedSymbolism And Symbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding892 Words   |  4 Pageswhole sto ry. Throughout the novel, author William Golding includes symbolism that hints at irony, foreshadowing, and a variety of themes. These symbols contribute to the depth and meaning of the story, allowing the characters to act under their influence. In Lord of the Flies, there is a numerous amount of symbols, such as the signal fire, the conch, and the ritual. The signal fire possesses many symbolic meanings essential to the story, Lord of the Flies. In the beginning of the novel, Ralph startedRead MoreSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1153 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strength and knowledgeRead MoreSymbolism in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1159 Words   |  5 PagesGonzalo Barril Merino 3EMC Lord of the Flies Essay Describe the use of symbolism in Lord of the Flies By understanding symbols, you get a better picture of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies† and the hidden messages and references to human nature and a criticism of society. The author, William Golding, uses a huge amount of symbolism to reflect society of the outer world with the island. Symbols of fire, the conch and water are described all throughout the novel. Fire represents hope, strengthRead MoreSymbolism In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding743 Words   |  3 Pages Symbolism in novels incorporate factors into the story which are understood but unstated. In the Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses symbolism to express the sanity and emotions of the boys stranded on the island. The boys used fire to cook and as a signal for any ships at sea in an attempt for rescue. The fire’s diverse intensities exemplify the authority Ralph or Jack hold over the boys which affects the group’s overall conscience. When the fire is kept at a constant level, Ralph and JackRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding1943 Words   |  8 PagesThe Use of Symbolism in The Lord of the Flies by William Golding A symbol is something concrete that represents another thing or idea. In Lord Of The Flies a lot of things we encounter are given symbolic meaning by the way the author William Golding uses them. The book it’s self is named after a symbol, the words â€Å"Lord Of The Flies† translated means â€Å"Beelzebub† which is another word for â€Å"the devil† the book was named after the devil because evil has a large influenceRead MoreSymbolism Analysis Of Lord Of The Flies By William Golding2013 Words   |  9 Pages Symbolism Analysis of Lord of the Flies â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a novel written by William Golding which shows the reader dark situations throughout the play of the book. In this novel, boys are completely isolated from civilization and rules. The theme portrays ‘civilization vs savagery’, questioning if civilization fade away without the positive views of rules. Lord of the Flies gives the reader an idea of how humanity’s form can shape throughout different life threatening situations. GoldingRead MoreThe Symbolism of the Conch Shell in Lord of the Flies by William Golding1086 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Conch In Lord of the Flies, several symbols are used to illustrate important ideas that are crucial to the plot and meaning of the book. One of these symbols is the conch: this rare shell is not only a precious and expensive in the world of merchandise; it also holds a dark and mysterious power over a group of English boys, lost on an island with no adults, clues, or means of escape. The boys set up a civilization and try to live in the society they have set up. This systemRead MoreThe Symbolism of Masks in Lord of the Flies by William Golding848 Words   |  4 Pagessomehow the human fascination of applying them to their face makes them seem all the more fun, and interesting. This newfound interest could even leak through to the mind beneath, giving way to a whole new person. In his 1954 novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding illustrated this idea in a way that captured the hearts of many and led the story to fame, concocting a reality that had since resided only in the nightmares of children. Inventing a world in which masks of paint were not a fun thingRead MoreSymbolism Of Fire In Lord Of The Flies By William Golding983 Words   |  4 Pagesmost rational of the group, and Ralph, the leader of all the kids, fire and a pair of bifocals are solely used for survival. Jack on the other hand, who is the leader of the savages, uses fire to harm and control others around him. Lord of the Flies by William Golding acquires an elaborate way to develop deeper meanings of each of the symbols especially fire and Piggy’s glasses. The symbolic meaning of fire is demonstrated throughout the book in many different fashions but mainly it is portrayedRead MoreUnderstood Objects of Symbolism in the Novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding716 Words   |  3 PagesIn every novel, an object may represent something other than what it actually is. Lord of the Flies of by William Golding has several of these objects in it. An explanation for what objects hold symbolic meaning is would be like how snow may represent delight and happiness for a child. These objects also add side stories and add detail to the novel. Three objects that hold immense symbolic meaning in Lord of the Flies are the beast, the conch, and the signal fire. To begin with, one object that

Behaviourism History, Principles Contributions

Behaviourism: History, Principles Contributions Abstract Behaviourism focuses its perspective on the external environment as being the stimuli for behaviour instead of internal events such as consciousness. John B. Watson is often noted as the father of behaviourism, though its theories were being studied years before hand. A talk by Watson on his manifesto in 1913 was said to be the formal founding of behaviourism where he described the principles of behaviourism and dismissed other notions. Though behaviourism did not become a highly accepted view in psychology, it did have its contributions to the overall field. Behaviourism emerged as a new field of psychology during the early twentieth century. It differentiated†¦show more content†¦It was only during a lecture in 1913, when Watson’s manifesto, â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It† was said to be the formal founding of behaviourism quoting: Psychology as the behaviourist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behaviour. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependant upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms on consciousness. (p. 158) Watson’s objective as we saw, fully dismissed the role of consciousness and it’s effect on behaviour. He further went on to state that psychology should only use objective observational data and not introspective data, which he thought unreliable (O’Neil, 1995). As with the Russian psychologists, Watson agreed that consciousness does not cause behaviour. It was in 1919, that Watson used Pavlov’s stimulus and response connection to explain human behaviour and again agreeing that its connection is physiological and mechanical (O’Neil, 1995). In Watsonian behaviourism, there were four types of behaviours, which are explicit learned behaviour (e.g. talking), implicit learned behaviour (e.g. increase heart rate upon an exam), explicit unlearned behaviour (e.g. blinking) and finally implicit unlearned behaviourShow MoreRelatedBiography Of John B. Watson1180 Words   |  5 Pagesthe school of behaviourism in 1913, his now renown lecture given at Columbia University begun the official founding of behaviourism and he became well-known for his â€Å"Little Albert† study that demonstrated how experience rearranged the stimuli that caused emotional responses such as fear, rage and love. Watson may have founded behaviourism but he paved the way for many individual functionalists such as Ivan Sechenov, Ivan Pavlov, and Vladimir Bechterev to make their own contributions to the broaderRead MoreThe Theory Of The Mind And Behavior1264 Words   |  6 PagesIt is difficult to tie together the infinite pools of facts about the history of Psychology. We can trace it back to its roots, held deep in philosophy; even ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato introduced the concept of Anamnesis, suggesting that we are born with imprinted knowledge. Aristotle, a student of Plato, theorized the concept that we were born a blank canvas and the development of our minds are sculpted by our experience, demonstrating that modern psychological debates of nature VSRead MoreOrigins of Behaviorism Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviourism originated with the work of John B. Watson from 1913. Behaviourism is based on the following sets of claims: (1) Psychology is the study of behaviour. Psychology is not the science of mind. This statement also forms a type of behaviourism: â€Å"Methodological† behaviourism claims that psychology should concern itself with the behaviour of organisms (human and non-human)Read MoreComparison of Behaviorism and the Humanistic Approach3225 Words   |  13 Pageswas developed upon the limitations of behaviourism. The humanistic approach is often referred to as the â€Å"third force† in psychology coming after psychoanalysis and behaviourism; it is an alternative approach to psychology (Maslow, 1968). It offered a more wholesome approach to psychology at the time in comparison to behaviourism and psychoanalysis. This essay will compare and contrast behaviourism and humanistic psychology; it will focus on their contributions to psychological theory and their applicationsRead MoreEssay on The History of Psychology1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Psychology In order to discuss Psychologys history, it is important to understand that psychology still does not have one unifying approach unlike the natural sciences; even the definition of Psychology and what it truly means is still undecided. However I shall attempt to review chronologically its philosophical origins, include how the science of Physics and Biology were placedRead More‘Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourist’s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic.’2499 Words   |  10 Pagesexplain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic.’ Introduction In this essay I intend to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach to therapy, in relation to the above statement and will explore their fundamental principles and differences. Throughout the centuries, differentRead MorePsychological Approaches : Behaviorism, Cognitive And Humanistic Approach1659 Words   |  7 Pages1.1 Analysis of three psychological approaches; behaviourism, cognitive and humanistic. Three psychological approaches will be discussed in this essay, it will analyse the strengths and limitations of each the humanistic, cognitive and the humanistic approach. This essay will consider the contributions made to therapies in the modern life; evaluate how valid the methodology is using case studies to back up these theories and how they contribute to each other to becoming an approach. The behaviouristRead MoreAlbert Bandura s Theory Of Radical Behaviorism Theory2011 Words   |  9 Pagesexplanation may better reflect the overall complex nature of the fundamental underlying concept that is under scrutiny (Epstein, 1984). Albert Bandura s social cognitive theory and B. F. Skinner s theory of radical behaviourism have provided two of the most influential contributions to psychology, and when examining Skinner and Bandura s theories, this notion of parsimony becomes highly prevalent, as it is the most significant way in which the two theories differ. This stark contrast in parsimonyRead MoreI Am Looking At Where Psychology As A Discipline1361 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Psychology In this essay I am looking at where Psychology as a discipline has come from and what affects these early ideas have had on psychology today, Psychology as a whole has stemmed from a number of different areas of study from Physics to Biology, But the first Psychological foundations are rooted in philosophy, which to this day propels psychological inquiry in areas such as language acquisition, consciousness, and even vision among many others. While the great philosophicalRead MoreEssay about History of Psychology1417 Words   |  6 Pagesgained its literal meaning: The study of behaviour. In studies today psychology is defined as the scientific and systematic study of human and animal behaviour. The term psychology has a long history but the psychology as an independent discipline is fairly new. Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology

Benefits of Higher Education Free Essays

The number of college graduates has recently been on the increase. Due to the increase of college graduates, there is a lot of competition in hunting for a Job. Many companies have been cutting back on hiring due to the slow down in the economy. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Higher Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I think about what it takes to get a well-paying Job these days, one must be very knowledgeable about many different topics. This means companies are looking for people who can hit the ground running when they hire them. In addition to one’s knowledge they possess, a college diploma is very important while Job hunting. According to the essay, â€Å"Are they really ready to work†, mfoung people need a ange of skills, both basic academic skills as well as the ability to apply these skills and knowledge in the workplace. At the high school level, well over one-half of new entrants are deficiently prepared in the most important skills – Oral and Written Communications, Professionalism/Work Ethic, and Critical Thinking/Problem Solving â€Å"(Casner-Lotto, and Barrington, 2006, p. 51). Generally, there is a limit to what students can learn until they graduate from high school. The time spent in high school is not enough time to gain sufficient knowledge or skill to get a well paying Job. Additionally, high school is place where one learns a little about a lot of different things, receiving a general education. On the other hand, even if students have a college diploma, they still lack some skills, such as writing in English, written communications, and leadership, but they are better prepared than high school graduates. Especially, at the college level, students can concentrate on areas that they think they would want to work in the future, so they can get specialized knowledge and technology. Why do we need adequate skills? The essay â€Å"Work and Workers in the Twenty- First Century’ stated that â€Å"Automation will continue to displace low-skilled or unskilled workers in America’s manufacturing firms and offices† (Judy, and Amico, 1997, p. 234). In the twenty-first century, there is increased use of computers, robots, and automation in the workplace. This mechanization certainly has brought production costs down, but has lead to fewer unskilled Jobs available in America. The lost of these unskilled Jobs makes it more competitive for the unskilled labors, with not all unskilled labors able to find adequate paying Jobs. Therefore, the companies now require us to have brains. In addition, the physical labors are moving to second and third world countries, in order to build the groundwork for these developing economies. Studying at a college or university in the US these days, could cost tens of thousands of dollars annually including the student’s room and board cost. So after a 4 years of thousand dollars. These students must start paying their loans back shortly after they graduate. With employers not hiring and very limited Jobs available, these graduates have a difficult time findings Jobs paying the salaries required to pay their loans. Now, if tudents live with their parents, they do not have to pay for room, and board, but only tuition and material fees. Although the students college education is cost them less due to the fact that they did not have to pay for room and board, the cost of the education is still a big burden on most families. However, according to the essay â€Å"The Private Benefits of Higher Education†, there is a big difference between salaries for high school graduates and college graduates. â€Å"Among wage and salary workers between the age 25 and 34, median annual earnings were 58% higher for men who completed at least a achelor’s degree than for men who completed only high school ($42,341 vs. 26,842), but 92% higher for women who earned at least a bachelor’s degree than for women who earned only a high school diploma ($32,145 vs. $16,770; Perna, 2013, p. 451). † As stated above, men who received at least bachelor’s degree are able to earn more than one and half times more than the median high school graduate. Now as for woman, the numbers are even more pronounced than for the men with a women who earns a Bachelor earns about doubled than that of the median women with only a high school diploma. Research shows that parents with low income and no academic qualifications normally do not have a lot of information about how to get financial aid for their children. Job hunting is a highly competitive in the twenty first century. Moreover, mechanization and globalization narrow the workplace in the US. Therefore, although students have to pay a lot of money to go to a college or university, they still pursue college education. This is due to that higher education will be useful in order to find well-paying Job. In the next five years, college graduates will continue to increase more and more. How to cite Benefits of Higher Education, Papers

Your Lost Little Girl Essay Example For Students

Your Lost Little Girl Essay The song â€Å"Your Lost Little Girl† was a metaphorical symbolism for everything Morrison believed in.It reflects Jim’s terrible disposition for authority and his goal to show people the way to freedom. He believed that to accept authority was to become authority. His excessive drug use and drinking fueled him to write some of the most original and visionary music ever. It also led him to a mind state that left some people thinking him insane and others thinking him a god. James Douglas Morrison was born in Melbourne, Florida, December 8, 1943. Due to his family’s constant moving because of his father’s job in the Navy, Jim grew up a very shy child. It was difficult for him to make friends, so he developed an early interest in literature. He excelled in school and had an IQ of 149. Jim identified with an intense line of poets, writers and philosophers who resisted authority and were insistent on staying true to their nature: Blake, Poe, Rimbaud, and VanGogh. Jim claimed that one of the most influential event in his life, happened when he was 4 years old. His family drove up on an accident involving a bus full of Pueblo Indians, who were mostly dead. Jim was terribly upset when they could not help. He later stated that one of the dead Indians had passed his soul to him. He was severely punished by his father. Morrison’s utter distain for authority was largely due to his father’s strict authoritarian approach to parenting. His father, a rear admiral in the US Navy, expected Jim to keep it on the straight and narrow, and to follow the only way of life he new. This fueled Morrison’s rebellious nature. It was during his UCLA film school days that this attitude led him to drugs. He mainly experimented in hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. He also developed a strong taste for liquor. Jim never lost his deep love of poetry. He became particularly infatuated with the poetry of William Blake and the writings of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It was his own dark style of poetry that caught the eye of fellow classmate Ray Manzarek who was a classically trained keyboardist. After hearing Jim’s early attempts at lyric writing they decided to form a band. They recruited Robbie Krieger and John Densmore from the Psychedelic Rangers and The Doors were born. Jim got the name from Aldous Huxley’s book on mescaline, The Doors of Perception, which quoted a William Blake poem, â€Å"If the doors of pe rception were cleansed, everything would appear as is, infinite. Jim’s problem with authority led him to believe that to truly be free, you must break away from society. He was interested in anything about revolt, disorder, and chaos. He believed these to be the road to freedom. When asked in an interview what freedom really was, Jim responded â€Å"There are different kinds of freedom-there’s a lot of misunderstanding†¦the most important kind of freedom is to be what you really are. You trade in your reality for a role. You trade in your senses for an act. You give up your ability to feel and in exchange, put on a mask. There can’t be any large-scale revolution until there’s a personal revolution, on an individual level. It’s got to happen inside first. You can take away a man’s political freedom and you won’t hurt him-unless you take away his freedom to feel. That can destroy him.† He wanted to show people the way to fre edom. We will write a custom essay on Your Lost Little Girl specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jim’s experience with death and the Indians stuck with him profoundly through the years. In fact, he never stopped claiming the soul of one of the Indians was with him. Jim never actually called himself this, but his fans considered him a shaman or a king. Jim once said, â€Å"The shaman†¦he was a man who would intoxicate himself. See, he was probably already an†¦uh†¦unusual individual. And, he would put himself into a trance by dancing, whirling around, drinking, taking drugs—however. Then, would go on a mental travel and†¦uh†¦describe his journey to the rest of the tribe.† Which is exactly what Morrison would do. .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 , .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .postImageUrl , .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 , .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:hover , .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:visited , .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:active { border:0!important; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:active , .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840 .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u26ddaf4e083a732eafea3915d5710840:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Art Institute of Chicago EssayIn the song â€Å"Your Lost Little Girl† Jim was saying that the little girl was society or the people as a hole. In the song he said, â€Å"I think you know what to do, yeah I’m sure you know what to do.† He knew people knew the way but were scared. He was challenging people to find their true self when he asked, â€Å"Tell me who are you?† The people were this lost little girl who was looking for themselves in order to truly achieve freedom. If everyone would dare to face him or herself and find out who they were then they wouldn’t be lost. He had faced himself, therefore facing his fears. Whether he li ked what he saw or not he had nothing to fear and was therefore free.Feel to be his own person. Free to feel. Morrison knew that he could not force people into freedom; rather he tried to open the doorway for them. He believed people knew the way to freedom, but were just scared to break away from the chains that they had grown accustomed to. Jim was once quoted saying, â€Å"It’s absurd. How can I set free anyone who doesn’t have the guts to stand up alone and declare his own freedom? I think it’s a lie—people claim they want to be free—everybody insists that freedom is what they want the most, the most sacred and precious thing a man can possess. But that’s bull*censored*! People are terrified to be set free-they hold onto their chains. They fight anyone who tries to break those chains. It’s their security†¦how can they expect me or anyone to set them free if they don’t really want to be free?†The uncompromising, strict nature in which Morrison was raised, bread a deep loathing for authority in his heart. This rebellious nature of Jim’s which led to incredible amounts of drug use and drinking is what spurred his dark lyrics and what some would say brought him to the end of his short lived life. Some people thought Jim had a death wish, but I find it difficult to judge the way he chose to live and die. It was his insatiable thirst for life that killed him, not any love of death. Morrison’s short tragic life is the stuff of which our heroes and our gods of youth are made. Nonconformist, poet, drug addict, alcoholic, accidental spiritual leader and insane are some of the labels you could hang on Jim Morrison. If you ask me, he was a free spirit ready and willing to share his wisdom (if not a little misguided) to any who would listen. He knew that people knew the way as he stated in â€Å"You’re Lost Little Girl,† but that they were scared to break away from the unfee ling nature that society bestowed upon them. â€Å"If my poetry aims to achieve anything, it’s to deliver people from the limited ways in which they see and feel†(Jim Morrison). Bibliography:

Pope Gregory VI - The Pope Who Bought the Papacy

Pope Gregory VI - The Pope Who Bought the Papacy Pope Gregory VI was also known as: Giovanni Graziano (his birth name); also John of Gratian (the Anglicized version.) Pope Gregory VI was known for: Buying the papacy. Giovanni paid his predecessor, Pope Benedict IX, what is sometimes considered a pension; when Benedict left, Giovanni was recognized as Pope Gregory VI by the cardinals. Gregory is also known for being one of the few popes in history to resign. Occupations: Pope Places of Residence and Influence: Italy Important Dates: Begins papacy: May, 1045Resigned: Dec. 20, 1046Died: At an unknown date in 1047 or 1048 About Pope Gregory VI: When Giovanni Graziano paid his godson a pension to convince him to resign, most scholars agree he did so out of an honest desire to rid the papacy of the dissolute Pope Benedict IX. Unfortunately, as Pope Gregory VI, he achieved little in Rome before Benedict and the antipope Sylvester III returned. The chaos that resulted as each man represented himself as the true pope was too much, and King Henry III of Germany rode south to settle the matter. At a council at Sutri, Italy, Benedict and Sylvester were deposed, and Gregory was convinced to resign the office because his payment to Benedict could be viewed as simony. He left Italy for Germany, where he died not long after. For more about the life and pontificate of Gregory VI, see his Concise Biography. Pope Gregory VI Resources: Concise Biography of Gregory VIPopes Who Resigned Pope Gregory VI on the Web Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Gregory VIConcise look at Gregory by Horace Mann. Pope Gregory VI in Print The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. by Richard P. McBrien by P. G. Maxwell-Stuart The PapacyChronological List of PopesMedieval ItalyWhos Who Directories: Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society

Comparative Words Lesson Plan

Comparative Words Lesson Plan Use these guidelines to prepare a lesson plan to teach students of any age how to use comparative words and comparative clauses to express the concepts of more or less and greater or lesser. Objectives and Goals Instruct/review adjectives as a part of speechIntroduce students to words that end in -er and/or -estOffer students the chance to practice finding similar items and comparing them through the proper use of language Anticipatory Set​ Ask students what they know about -er and -est words, as well as the word than. Explain that -er adjectives are for comparing two things, while -est words are used to compare three or more things. For older students, introduce and use the terms comparative and superlative repeatedly and hold students accountable for knowing these terms. Direct Instruction Model turning common root adjectives into comparative and superlative adjectives (examples: funny, hot, happy, big, good, etc.)Brainstorm additional adjectives and practice (as a group) putting them into sentences (example: The sun is hotter than the moon. A baby is smaller than a teenager.) Guided Practice Depending on the age and abilities of your students, you can ask the students to write their own comparative and superlative sentences from scratch. Or, for younger students, you can design and copy a worksheet with cloze sentences and they can fill in the blanks or circle the correct suffix. For example: Fill in the Blanks: The ___________ is bigger than the ___________.Circle one: The big (er or est) animal in the zoo is an elephant. Another option is to have students look through the pages of their independent reading books and search for comparative and superlative adjectives. ​ Closure Offer sharing time for the students to read aloud the sentences they completed or composed. Reinforce the core concepts with discussion and question/answer time. ​ Independent Practice For homework, have students write a given number of comparative and/or superlative sentences based on things they find in their homes, books, neighborhood, or imaginations. ​ Required Materials and Equipment Worksheets if needed, paper, pencils, student reading books if needed. ​ Assessment and Follow-Up Check completed homework assignments for correct sentence structure and grammar. Re-teach as needed. Point our comparative and superlative words as they come up in class discussion and whole group reading.

Promotions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotions - Article Example Under its deal with the Lionsgate, Groupon will sell the tickets for the LINCOLIN LAWYERS at a price of $ 6 during its two day online promotion. Under this deal, consumers purchasing the tickets will be given a special code which will be valid through Fandango for redeeming tickets. Interesting point in the article The digital promotion is the point that attracts me the most. Previously, we had traditional marketing and promotional activities in which direct marketing and promotional activities were carried out. Thanks to the Internet, from the comfort of home, one can easily be reached and made aware of a particular marketing and promotional activities. It is also advantageous from a company’s point of view as well. Take an example of Groupon; currently it has direct access to more than 60 million consumers globally. In the traditional offline marketing and promotional activities, to reach and remain in constant touch with such huge number of consumers would not be an easy fo r a marketing and promotional company. A link between the article and chapter points Basically, there are two points that are simultaneously mentioned and discussed in the book and the article as well.

Current Perceptions of the Role of the Dental Hygienist Within the Essay

Current Perceptions of the Role of the Dental Hygienist Within the Medical Team - Essay Example Barriers encountered by dental hygienists often involve the failure of coordination and cooperation. It involves failure of communication. Skills which help resolve these communication barriers need to be applied and improved by the dental hygienist in order to ensure that these problems do not worsen and the gaps in medical care would be filled. These skills include: speaking, listening, persuading, and leadership. With these skills, the role of the dental hygienist can be secured in the medical team. Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................... 4 Methods........................................................................................................................... 4 Results.............................................................................................................................. 5 Role of the dental hygienist.......................................... ........................................ 5 Barriers to effective communication..................................................................... 11 Skills to improve communication......................................................................... 13 Discussion......................................................................................................................... ... They all perform important functions in the care of the patient and in the delivery of medical services. The dental hygienist is not strictly a part of the conventional medical team, however, in the current settings, their functions have been increasing. Other members of the medical team view the roles of dental hygienists within the team as essential in the recovery and delivery of medical services. The purpose of this study is to determine how members of the medical health team view the role of the dental hygienist within their professional setting. It will focus on diabetes, stroke and heart specialists and their perception and utilisation of the hygienist during patient care. It will investigate what barriers dental hygienists face in becoming active participants within this broader health team; and the skills needed that could further improve communication between the dental hygienist and the health team. Method This paper will gather materials from various literatures on the cu rrent topic. Initial data gathering shall involve a library search of materials in relation to dental hygienists and the health care team. This library search shall involve the manual search of books, journal, magazines, and news articles. Relevant materials shall be set aside for further evaluation. An internet search shall also be conducted using the search terms: dental hygienists/medical team; dental hygienists/diabetes; dental hygienists/stroke; and similar combinations. Relevant articles and journals found through this search shall also be set aside for further evaluation. Materials which are found through these library and internet searches shall be evaluated based on their relevance and current contributions to the subject matter. The

Importance of Workforce Planning

Importance of Workforce Planning 1. To analyse the importance of workforce planning and explain the difficulties. Importance In its simplest terms workforce planning is getting the right number of people with the right skills, experiences, and competencies in the right jobs at the right time. This shorthand definition covers a comprehensive process that provides managers with a framework for making staffing decisions based on an organisations mission, strategic plan, budgetary resources, and a set of desired workforce competencies. This process is simple in outline but depends on rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the organisations work, workforce, and strategic direction. Workforce planning requires strong management leadership; clearly articulated vision, mission, and strategic objectives; and cooperative supportive efforts of staff in several functional areas. Strategic planning, budget, and human resources are key players in workforce planning. Organisation plans set organisational direction and articulate measurable programme goals and objectives. The budget process plans for the funding to achieve objectives. Human resources provides tools for identifying competencies needed in the workforce and for recruiting, developing, training, retraining, or placing employees to build the workforce of the future. Organisational success depends on having the right employees with the right competencies at the right time. Workforce planning provides managers the means of identifying the competencies needed in the workforce not only in the present, but also in the future and then selecting and developing that workforce. Finally, workforce planning allows organisations to address systematically issues that are driving workforce change. The overall benefits of workforce planning, then, are its ability to make managers and programmes more effective A workforce plan must document the workforce analysis, competency assessments, gap analysis, and workforce transition planning that makes up the planning process. These data provide the documentation of the inputs and comprise the basic output of the planning. This information establishes the validity of any workforce plan by demonstrating the links between workforce planning and programme management, budget justifications, Organisation goals, and human resources work planning. Workforce planning provides managers with a strategic basis for human resource management decision-making that is based on achieving programme goals. Forecasting models based on analysis of the workforce allow managers to anticipate turnover and to plan recruiting and employee development to move toward the workforce needed in the future which form a radar for continual monitoring. Difficulties in workforce planning Some of the problems with workforce planning relate to the incongruence of the process with the traditional HR function (Friel, 2002). Most HR leaders oversee established, routine work involving benefits, payroll processing and job classification. Time which could be spent doing strategic work is often eaten up by HR administration. In the US, some federal agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service, have attempted to counteract this problem by splitting the two sides of the HR function to create two departments (Friel, 2002). In the past workforce plans have been approved on the basis of personal credibility, not quantifiable metrics, which do not stand the test when organisations run into difficulties. Sullivan (2002b) recommends that organisations consider training their HR staff in the relevant skills and revisiting their performance management and bonus schemes so that they measure and reward workforce planning. Lack of Integration In practice, it is often done independently of other processes whilst there is a danger of exercising too much corporate power over different units (Sullivan, 2002d). Integration of Planning Processes In the past, the process of workforce planning was independent to other resource allocation activities such as budgeting and production planning. As a result, managers found themselves confronted with different and often contradictory forecasts (Sullivan, 2002d). A number of models of workforce planning propose that forecasting should begin with an appreciation of the future direction of the business. The importance of aligning strategic and workforce plans has been emphasised in academic research. There has long been the argument that HR practices that are consistent with or support organisational strategy are more effective than those that do not (eg Schuler Jackson, 1987). Whilst it is tempting to integrate local plans into a master workforce plan, Bechet (2000) stresses keeping them separate and not consolidated. This is because the process of consolidation sometimes squeezes out the very detail that is most useful and ends up masking significant differences between units. Lack of Ownership According to Sullivan (2002c), workforce planning has often been seen as something owned by the HR department, not by management. However, when times are tight, it is not HR who has the authority. This threatens the security of workforce planning since, without a real appreciation of its benefits, management may decide it is dispensable. Experience shows that ownership of any HR initiative needs to be extended to senior levels with a senior champion identified to help drive the process through. Lack of Flexibility The manpower planning strategies of the past worked according to straight-line growth and tried to define a single bulls-eye for a target (Sullivan, 2002d). Recent changes have shown that the business world often fails to follow historical patterns and that organisational plans need to be more flexible (Sullivan, 2002b). To be useful, Sullivan recommends that workforce planning includes a range of targets and that organisations prepare for all eventualities in that range. One means through which flexibility can be achieved is through scenario planning (see Reilly, 1996). Scenarios are not intended to be predictive. Rather they recognise that uncertainty is not just an occasional, temporary deviation from a reasonable predictability; it is a basic structural feature of the business environment. (Wack, 1985). Particularly as originally developed by Shell, their aim is to challenge assumptions of how the world works and to generate understanding of the important factors involved. Lack of Prioritisation In the past workforce plans have failed because they have been over-ambitious and have tried to achieve too much (Sullivan, 2002c). To be effective, Sullivan recommends that they be rightsized and aim to cover only those areas where they will have a significant impact. Workforce plans cannot possibly include everything so they should prioritise certain units, jobs, customers and products. Static Event Using Long Time-Frames In the past, workforce planning has used long time frames, sometimes looking ahead up to five or ten years. Often managers have refused to revisit plans more regularly because they take so long to develop (Sullivan, 2002d). Whilst an overview of the overall direction of the organisation requires a long-term focus, Sullivan recommends that detailed plans focus no more than 18 months ahead. Workforce planning should be seen as a living document (Reilly, 1996), something which is not static but needs to respond to changing circumstances. It is not an event (Bechet, 2000) but should be monitored regularly to avoid strategic drift (Johnson, 1987) where the match between the organisation and the external world disappears. Issues need to be defined on an ongoing basis and a discussion of the staffing implications of changes in business plans should be conducted each and every time change is discussed or anticipated. Bad Data and Analysis In the 1980s the amount and the quality of workforce-planningrelated information that was available to HR was minuscule by todays standards (Sullivan, 2002a). Without the ability to connect databases and analyse complex trends, HR planning was forced to guess, or all too commonly to utilise straight-line forecast. In addition, plans tended to be based purely on internal data without any consideration of what was going on outside (Sullivan, 2002d). Nowadays there are significantly better data and analysis techniques available (Sullivan, 2002a). The increased availability of economic and business data on the internet makes forecasting much easier and cheaper for even small firms. Access to enterprise-wide software packages now allows managers to easily collect data for forecasts and to prepare viable workforce plans. 2. To evaluate the significance of employee motivation and appraisal programmes in a business Importance of appraisal for employee motivation One of the secrets of a good performing company is the fact that they recognized the importance of staff motivation. Watch out for companies that are 10 years old and above, the secret of their sustenance and longevity lies on the above truth. A solid and good management doesnt joke with the above notion. The truth of the matter is this; for a staff to work efficiently and effectively, employees must be motivated. This means that their efforts should be rewarded with physical, financial and psychological benefits and incentives so that they could maintain a high level of morale, satisfaction, and productivity. It means that workers should be stimulated to take a desired course of action by providing them with the opportunities to gain what they want. Employee motivation is a function of all managers in general and of personnel managers in particular. The following are some of the techniques that can be used by a manager to motivate employees. Ensuring employee participation in the decision making process Paying adequate and fair remuneration to employees Praising employees for good works done Keeping employees in the know concerning changes in company policy Showing interest in workers and giving them adequate, personal attention Making the fullest use of employees skills, ideas, suggestions and abilities Giving employees helpful direction and assistance when they are in problem Making employees feel secure of their jobs and free from anxiety Setting good examples and exhibiting personal diligence Communicating standards to employees and making them know where they stand how well they are doing and what they can do to improve. The need to motivate employees is no longer hidden. What remains controversial is the best method of motivation. The rapid profusion and appearance of theories of motivation is a clear testimony to this. Peoples needs and situations vary. This implies that there can be no simple generalizations or one best method of motivation but rather a selective application of the techniques suggested above. Performance Appraisal of an employee Performance Appraisal is the regular, formalized and recorded review of the way in which an individual is performing his job. It is the evaluation of the performance of employees. According to Beach performance appraisal is the continuous systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development. Staff or performance appraisal is an integral part of every managers function. Indeed, whether intended or not, it occurs informally on a day-to-day basis in order to determine how to get work done and which members of staff to allocate to what duties. However, a formalized appraisal is a planned, systematic, methodical and comprehensive joint evaluation exercise by the appraiser ad the appraise. The extent of staff participation the degree of planning, and the purposes and priorities of appraisal systems vary from one organization to another. The main objectives of staff performance appraisal are as follows: To identify and reward competence and excellence To identify staff training needs and develop the potential of those employs who can satisfy different future manpower needs within the organizations. To identify performance deficiencies and spur improvements in them To motivate employees to be highly productive based on their knowledge of a forthcoming evaluation of their performance A planned and formalized performance appraisal scheme involves: (a) A definition of clear job objectives, targets and standards for each employee (b) An objective evaluation of staff performance and results against previously agreed standards. (c) An open discussion of the results and their implications (d) An agreement of committed plans for the future work of the appraise and the boss. The traditional method of appraising employees involves the annual filling of a standard appraisal form by the employees superiors. The form usually deals with various aspects of the employees work such as output level, co-operation with co-workers, ability to work independently, initiative, cost consciousness, goal orientation, etc. The performance of each employee in the year under review is then rated for each of these criteria using a numerical scale. For instance, if the scale is from 1 to 10, and employee might be scored 2/10 for output level, 3/10 for co-operation with co-workers, etc. The scores will then be summed together to determine whether the employee has performed well or not. In addition to the evaluation of a workers past performance, the superior might be asked to rate the workers potential for growth and advancement by stating that the worker is highly promising, average and may succeed with effort, unlikely to advance or a total write-off. To cap it all, the officer may be invited to make a general comment on the employee after which the form is sent to a higher hierarchy of management for consideration, comments and approval or rejection. To make an appraisal system a success, the following principles must be observed in its design and operation. It should be tailor-made to the specific nature and needs of the organization It should not be seen as an annual, ritualistic exercise, without any purpose, substance and significance. It should be objective and fair so that an employees performance ratings will not depend on who he or she knows in the organization. To achieve this, the exercise should involve more than just the appraisers immediate superior. The appraisers colleagues and subordinates should be brought into the picture. It should be standardized throughout the organization It should be based on specific goals or targets for improvements It should include some form of self-appraisal and should be based on open constructive discussion not broad praise or criticism. Subordinates should participate in setting the goals on which they will be appraised in the future. Superiors should not impose goals on their subordinates. Line managers must be trained in the techniques and methods of performance appraisal and must recognize and appreciate its contributions to organizational effectiveness. The scheme should be designed with just a few purposes. Appraisal systems designed to improve performance should not simultaneously consider wages, salary or promotion because the roles of judge and adviser are not complimentary and should therefore be separated. 3. Know the different schools of management thought that have been developed over the last Century CLASSIFICATION OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES As mentioned earlier, there are several schools of thought in management. Apart from the autocratic or authoritarian or pre-scientific era (i.e., earlier to 1880) of the early period, several schools of management thought are identified and classified in several ways by experts. It is interesting to note that while early writings on management principles came from experienced practitioners, the more recent writings tend to come from academic theorists, of whom have had no direct experience in organisational management. During the history of management a number of more or less separate schools of management thought have emerged, and each sees management from its own has classified the management theories into the following six groups: i) The management process school ii) The empirical school iii) The human behavioural school iv) The social systems school v) The decision theory school vi) The mathematical school. . Adding one more style or approach of his own Evans discusses eleven basic styles cited by Herbert Hicks in his books the management of organisations Again leaving the early perspectives, Hitt and others (1979) classify management theories into three broad groups. i) Classical management theory. ii) Neoclassical management theory iii) Modern management theory Under each group a few schools of thought are identified. These three groups of schools of management thought, are currently in vogue and found adequate for the purpose. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT THEORY (1880s-1920s) Classical management theory consists of a group of similar ideas on the management of organisations that evolved in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The Classical school is sometimes called the traditional school of management among practitioners. This school, evolved as a result of the industrial revolution, in response to the growth of large organisations and in contrast to the handicraft system that existed till then. It contains three branches, namely, scientific management, administrative principles and bureaucratic organisation. The predominant and common characteristic to all three branches is the emphasis on the economic rationality of management and organisation The economic rationality of the individual employee at work assumes that people choose the course of action that maximises their economic reward. In other words, economic rationality assumes that people are motivated by economic incentives and that they make choices that yield the-greatest monetary benefit. Thus, to get employees to work hard, managers should appeal to their monetary desires. These assumptions are based on a pessimistic view of human nature. While they are true to some extent, they also overlook some optimistic aspects. Classical theorists recognised human emotions but felt that human emotions could be controlled by a logical and rational structuring of jobs and work. The primary contributions of the classical school of management includes (i) application of science to the practice of management (ii) development of the basic management functions and (iii) articulation and application of specific principles of management. NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY (1920s-1950s) The Traditional classical theory and its principles are attacked on the ground that they are contradictory, pay little attention to motivation, and make hasty pronouncements on what should be done, without examining the assumptions Management Perspectives underlying such pronouncements. As such, these principles do not represent the heart of knowledge of management but a small part of the total body of administrative management. As a reaction to schools of classical theory, which over emphasised the mechanical and physiological characters of management, came up the schools of neoclassical theory, with a more human-oriented approach and emphasis on the needs, drives, behaviours and attitudes of individuals. Another impetus was the development of the concepts of industrial psychology around the same time. Two important groups, namely, human relations school and behavioural schools emerged during 1920s and 1930s under the neoclassical theory. Names of two persons, often mentioned, from the period earlier to neoclassical theory, are Robert Owen and Andrew Ure. As Young Welsh factory owner, Robert Owen was first one to emphasise human needs of employees as early as 1800. Andrew Ike has incorporated human factors in his book `The Philosophy of Manufactures published in 1835. The human relations movement of the 1940s and the 1950s filled many gaps in knowledge about business organisations, but it did little to fill major gaps in management theory, or to create a new and viable theory of management. MODERN MANAGEMENT THEORY Modern management theory highlights, the complexity of the organisation as well as individuals and the diversity of their needs, motives, aspirations and potentials. As a result, one time status or universal management principles are impracticable. The complexities require intricate managerial strategies for dealing with people and organisation. As against the rational economic man of the classical theory and the social person view of neoclassical theory, the complex employee view is the premises of modem management theory. The complex employee view holds that people are both complex and variable. They have many motives, learn new motives through experience and motives vary from organisation to organisation and department to department. Complex interactions relate the employee and the organisation. There is no single managerial strategy that works for all people at all times. Managers can employ different strategies at different times and for different persons. Analytical tools may b e useful while applying managerial strategies. Four important modern management theories arising out of the complex employee view, are systems theory, contingency theory, organisational humanism, and management science. This stage of management theory represents the work of revisionist researchers combining streams of efforts in the behavioural sciences with those in mathematics, statistics, and the use of computers. Naturally many revisionists are behavioural scientists whose research extended beyond the human relations area. It is the powerful combination of systems theorists, operations research specialists, decision theorists, statisticians, computer experts, and others skilled in quantitative research and decision methods. Rigorous research and testing of propositions, using behavioural, statistical and mathematical tools, characterised this school of thought. This period is also called synthesis period. As against the predominantly engineering-oriented quantitative theorists in classical theory, industrial psychologists together with sociologists and applied anthropologists who dominated the neoclassical theory, it is the revisionist researchers, who dominated the modern management theory and questioned old tenets, developed new hypotheses, and offered better explanations of organisational and managerial behaviour. The revisionist movement appears to have begun with Litchfields propositions published in the first issue of Administrative Science Quarterly in 1956. They questioned principles developed by deductive reasoning in classical theory but did not discard all of the early theories. A logical extension of application of management knowledge into non-business areas such as education, government and health, is a significant contribution of the modem management theory. It is interesting to note that the classical theory was organisation centered with emphasis on efficiency having process or functional approach, based on deductive evidence and descriptive research. Neoclassical theory had the person-centered approach, was increasingly experimental, and almost remained descriptive and highly deductive. On the other hand, revisionists used behavioural and quantitative tools and remained more inductive, experimental, rigorous and complete. According to the modern management school, management is an exercise in logic and applies itself to situations, that can be reduced to unitised measurements and handled with quantitative methods, where computers have an increasing role to play. 4. Understand the problems of introducing and implementing change in todays workforce Implementation of a new idea is a more difficult task rather than just proposing it. This is especially true in organizations where putting in place a new practice requires many peoples understanding, agreement, and willingness to act. To implement one needs to convince peoples minds and hearts. It requires complete planning and documentation as its a switch of an organization from an existing practiced system to a new one. Planning the necessary political moves of the implementation requires willful and deliberate planning to capture the potentially dangerous organizational forces in change and use them to the changing organizations advantage system.. The planning and documentation of the new system includes not just the listing of the steps which are to be followed but also designing the work that can help people understand the new setup (Wick, 2005). TRANSITION OR IMPLEMENTATION PLAN The transition or implementation plan provides a bridge from the way things are carried out currently to the change you want in the organization. Making a detailed plan of transition is the only way for the change to take place completely and leads to desired future. E-mailing change or verbally ordering things to change wont make a new idea happen permanently. There are four stages of the plan Current state, Transition state, Future desired state and Clean up (Wick, 2005). If new things are not planned before hand and are implemented and practiced instantly then it will directly lead to clean up- a faux new state. In such condition the elements of the new and former system are combined hap- hazardly with a few future concepts and people spend most of their organizational time trying to clean up the impromptu mess. This will lead to confusion and chaos in the organization. Failed implementations can be avoided in the organization by expert construction and maintenance of your implementation plan (Wick, 2005). The need of organizational change arises due to environmental forces and conditions. For the survival of an organization, it must be fully capable of planning and handling the change (Smith E. and Jones D., 1996). A good manger effectively deals with the changes affecting the work environment and take measures to ensure continued growth and success of the organization (Doe, 1996). The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze an organizational problem, and to describe the implementation of a change to solve the problem using a change theory. IDENTIFICATION OF A PROBLEM The dissatisfaction expressed by employees in the work setting is often the first indication of a problem (B.Moore, 1997). Sharp managers constantly keep a watch on their work environment and are especially concerned for employee complaints that repeatedly occur (Doe S., 1996). The awareness and knowledge of a manger about the organizations work environment and its issues problems help him identify and solve the problem at an early stage before they become bigger issues. The engineering department employees of XYZ plant are unhappy with the required use of time clock to document their workday. An informal telephonic survey conducted of eight businesses revealed several methods for documenting and recording time worked. The most frequently used method allowed professionals to account for their time by submitting the number of days worked to the Payroll Department at the end of each pay period. A group of engineering department employees submitted a proposal to the manger for consideration of survey results and a trial implementation of a new method for documenting time worked. The manager has receivedconsent of the administration to review the proposal and submit his recommendations to the Chief Executive Officer within the next two weeks (Smith, 1999). IDENTIFICATION OF A CHANGE THEORY The Kurt Lewins theory of planned change is used as a model for implementing change in organization. The three phases identified in Lewins change process include unfreezing, moving or changing, and refreezing. The organization can overcome obstacles and bring about effective change by using this model (Hall, 1997). APPLICATION OF THE CHANGE PROCESS The change at the XYZ plant could ideally be implemented by using Lewins model. This change model has widely been used as it (a) can be applied to any setting, (b) is easy to follow, and (c) incorporates strategies to identify and resolve obstacles during the change process (B.Moore, 1997). The model will be used to describe the trial implementation of the honor system method for employees in the Engineering Department to document their time worked. The Lewins model proposes changes that are relatively straightforward and affects small number of employees within the organization (Hall, 1997). UNFREEZING The identification of a need for change and the establishment of a receptive climate is the first step of the change process. To unfreeze the environment, one has to follow the strategy of identifying obstacles in the way of successful change, communicating with employees of the department about the problem and its solution and outlining the benefits associated with the new change. In this way, the employees will support the proposed change, but more work is required to convince the administration (Hall, 1997). MOVING OR CHANGING Change is the second phase of the process. This involves the implementation of new setup, ideas, values, or behaviors that focus and leads to the actual change. For the XYZ Plant, the strategy might include clearly defined details about the new policy for documenting time worked, managing resistance to the change, development of a written procedure for the change, and a way to aware all employees when the change will take place. The recommendation to the Chief Executive Officer comprises of all these details, and formally developed if the trial period is successful (Hall, 1997). REFREEZING The third phase involves refreezing new behavior patterns into place. In this phase the reinforcement of the adopted change is strategically done until it is integrated. Incentives are given and some other motivators can be used to encourage the employees and to increase the acceptability and likelihood of the new setup. The engineers would be motivated by recognizing their professional status. The management would be incented by the decreased costs due to simplified record keeping (Hall, 1997). Several sources support Lewins change model as an effective tool for implementing planned organizational change (Hall, 1997; International Business Institute, 1998). Here, it was used to illustrate the implementation of an organizational change in response to a problem occurred in engineering department XYZ Plant. Though change is unavoidable but yet it can produce utter confusion in a work environment if it is not managed effectively.

Spanish vs. Ottomans

When empires expand, they all have a plan in mind on how and why they want to expand. It can differ from religious, wealth, or power reasons. It can also be with areas surrounding them or land far away. Simultaneously, empires can use similar military techniques, ways of keeping people in order, or ways of keeping up the economy. During the time of 1450 to 1800, the Spanish Empire and the Ottoman Empire responded to their empire building similarly in the idea that spreading their religion was their first focus, while there were differences in their social and economic values because their regions required them to be that way.The Spanish and the Portuguese originally originate from the Iberian Peninsula where Christianity was popular. In an attempt to expand, the Spanish sought after America. They look at it as a land they could conquest and convert over to Christianity. The Ottoman Empire, who was originally Turkish rising in the areas of Anatolia and the Balkans, was founded under t he religion of Islam. The sole purpose was to take Islam further. However, when they expanded it wasn’t like a monarch anymore but the sultans just handed power over to warriors.That way they could spend time adding more people to the empire instead of just fixing the government. The Spanish, on the other hand, were more hands on. They created institutions, taxed the natives, and had forced labor going on. Their focus was geared toward making their empire stable enough that they could conquer more natives, not having to worry about the government. The main difference was that the Spanish were more hands on while the Ottoman’s concern shifted to status. Around the late Eighteenth century early Nineteenth century is when hierarchy became a major issue for Spanish while the Ottomans fell into place.For both, the ruling class, the Europeans for Spanish and the sultans for the Ottomans, was at the top of the hierarchy. Beneath there is where both empires differ. The Ottoman s had merchants and artisans beneath the sultans which was very uncommon. However, they gave much of the contribution of the arts for the Ottomans. They are the cause of shops being opened and public works being done that wouldn’t have been complete otherwise. On the other hand, the Spanish was more focused on your race and gender while still giving reference to your job.Whites were at the top having the dominant roles, mixed races such as mestizo and mulatto in the middle, and black people at the bottom. Their structure was made so that Europeans would constantly rule and that slaves could only do their job: work. That way no matter how many people were added on they’d have the foundation that the empire can build off of. Lastly, the Spanish and Ottomans focus on building the economy had two different focuses. While the Spanish were concerned with silver, gold, and sugar, the Ottomans were focused on expansion.When landing on Peru, the Spanish quickly created silver m ine. That led to labor work of people of lower class. This way the Spanish has a wide rule of people that can continue to grow the mining industry as long as they continue to bring in slaves. Granted that that system worked, the Spanish could now export silver in exchange for goods. It’s in Brazil where they got the sugar to exchange for slaves that continued to make their population increase. On the contrary, the Ottomans wanted warriors in charge. Under their control war and taking of nearby territory became focus.Janissaries, a group of an Ottoman army, got an increase in weapons which soon led them to dominating a lot of territory. Equally, both the Spanish and Ottomans went after an area they thought would be beneficial in growing. Ultimately, the Spanish and Ottomans had similar foundations while still being different. Both grew tremendously in their own way under their own religion. However, the empires ended because they were too focused on one area of the empire but not another. The Ottomans was with war and the Spanish with money. The important part was that both left a legacy behind.

Handling Errors and Exceptions in Delphi Applications

Unfortunately, building applications includes coding. Regardless of how carefully you write/debug your program, it will be impossible to imagine every situation that can go wrong. The inexperienced user might, for example, try to open a nonexisting file or input a bad value into a data field.Users make mistakes and we should be prepared to handle/prevent these errors wherever and whenever possible. Errors, Exceptions? An exception is generally an error condition or another event that interrupts the normal flow of execution in an application. Whenever an error results from processing a line of code, Delphi creates (raises) an object descendant from TObject called the exception object. Guarded Blocks An application responds to an exception either by executing some termination code, handling the exception, or both. The way to enable error/exception trapping within a given code, the exception must occur within a guarded block of statements. The general code looks like: try   Ã‚   {guarded block of code} except   Ã‚   on do begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   {exception block-handles SomeException}   Ã‚   end; end; A try / except statement executes the statements in the guarded block of code. If the statements execute without any exceptions being raised, the exception block is ignored, and control is passed to the statement following the end keyword. Example: ... Zero:0; try    dummy: 10 / Zero; except    on EZeroDivide do   Ã‚  Ã‚   MessageDlg(Can not divide by zero!,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   mtError, [mbOK], 0) ; end; ... Protecting Resources When a section of code acquires a resource, it is often necessary to ensure that the resource is released again (or you might get a memory leak), regardless of whether the code completes normally or is interrupted by an exception. In this case, the syntax uses finally keyword and looks like: {some code to allocate resources} try   Ã‚   {guarded block of code} finally   Ã‚   {termination blok - code to free resources} end; Example: ... AboutBox:TAboutBox.Create(nil) ; try   Ã‚   AboutBox.ShowModal; finally   Ã‚   AboutBox.Release; end; ... Application.OnException If your application doesnt handle the error that caused the exception, then Delphi will use its default exception handler - it will just pop up a message box. You may consider writing code in the OnException event for TApplication object, in order to trap errors at the application level. Break On Exceptions When building a program with exception handling, you may not want Delphi to break on Exceptions. This is a great feature if you want Delphi to show where an exception has occurred; however, it can be annoying when you test your own exception handling. Few final words The idea of this article is to give you just a quick look at what exceptions are. For further discussion on exception handling, consider On Handling Exceptions in Delphi Exception Handling, using a tool like Delphi Crash / Exception Handling with Bug Reporting and some of the following related articles:

Descriptive Essay Tick, Tock - 1580 Words

Tick, Tock. It was nine o’clock and was getting ready for bed I felt like I was forgetting something. I curled up in bed and turned out the light†¦ Tick Tock†¦ â€Å"MY HOMEWORK!† I sprinted downstairs with my backpack flinging behind. I jumped into my hard chair in the small office that was built a year ago. I wrote so fast my hand cramped. All of a sudden the room started to shake papers flew around and I sat there still not sure what was happening. My heart stopped as my chair slowly rose up and I followed along with it. â€Å"Uhh MOM!† I screamed†¦ no reply.† Mom? â€Å" I said I knew she wasn’t home. Something caught my eye†¦ WATER! But I didn’t realize the drink me sign approached on the side†¦ I closed my eyes hoping that this all was a dream and took a sip. â€Å"OW!† Something or someone pinched me as I opened my eyes to see a small creature standing in front of me. â€Å"Hi!† The small creatur e said with a grin on its face. â€Å"GET AWAY FROM ME!† I screamed. I ran not knowing where I was. Hills of green surrounded me with weird shaped trees that had huts in them. I tried to find someone to help me get home. I climbed a small narrow passage that lead to something I couldn’t explain, a small hut burrowed under a small hill filled with white bunnies. â€Å"Knock Knock.† My hand hit the door hard and down came shattered†¦ nuts? â€Å"Um Hello?† I exclaimed hoping someone could help me I rushed through the hut hoping someone was there. All around me was something unusual, the couches were filled with peanut