Muslim Women Essay Example

Muslim Women Essay The Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW) is a human right treaty for women. The basic structure of the organization is based upon three principles: equality, non-discrimination and state obligation. This organization has set some rules to eliminate discrimination against women. This organization set some specific rules which the state has to agree with and implement it on their state. POLITICAL REPRESENTATION Fatwas have been issued in some of the Islamic countries barring Muslim Women from participating in elections on the grounds that it will bring them into contact with men. Such Fatwas hardly had any impact on women and the Muslim voters; who promptly ignored them. A fatwa banning Muslim women’s participation in elections (as contestants) has also been issued with the rider that if they still participate in elections, they may do so wearing the veil. MARRIAGE RIGHTS The Muslim civil code has provided the Muslim man with a right to polygamy, though the prophet mentioned the subject only once. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Muslim Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Moreover, a Muslim woman cannot marry a non-Muslim whereas a man can. Contrary to the general notion of equality, a husband is also granted a partial unilateral right of divorce. He can dissolve his marriage by uttering the word talaq thrice even without stating the reasons and in the absence of his wife who merely needs to be informed. On the other hand, a woman can divorce her husband only if: * An agreement is made before or after the marriage by which she is at liberty to divorce herself from her husband under certain specified conditions which are not opposed to the policies of Islamic Law. Unawareness about his whereabouts for 4 years. * failure to get maintenance for 2 years, * impotency, insanity of the husband, or if he is suffering from some venereal disease, * cruelty and option of puberty i. e. if she was married before the age of 15. RIGHTS OF A MUSLIM WIDOW ON HER HUSBAND’S PROPERTY * The widow has to give full account of all the income and profits of the estate. * She cannot sell or gift her property to anyone. * She can file a suit for the recovery of the mahr –debt. She can satisfy her mahr debt out of the rents and profits of the property. RAPE LAW According to the sunnah, a woman should not be punished for having been coerced into having sex. This attitude towards rape is discussed in the following hadith: During the time of Muhammad punishment was inflicted on the rapist on the solitary evidence of the woman who was raped by him. Wail ibn Hujr reports of an incident when a woman was raped. Later, when some people came by, she identified and accused the man of raping her. They seized him and brought him to Allahs messenger, who said to the woman, Go away, for Allah has forgiven you, but of the man who had raped her, he said, Stone him to death. (Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud). According to a  Sunni  hadith, the punishment for committing rape is death, there is no blame attached to the victim. According to  Al-Mawardi, an 11th century specialist in Islamic jurisprudence (sharia), if either the victim or a witness kills the perpetrator of rape during the crime, in order to prevent furthering the violence of the act, the killing is permissible and is exempt from the laws of murder and killing. However right now it is far from uncommon for a woman who raises claims of rape to be not only denied justice, but to be charged as a criminal herself for committing fornication or adultery. DRESS CODE Hijab  is the Quranic requirement that Muslims, both male and female, dress and behave modestly. The most important Quranic verse relating to  hijab  is  sura  , which says, And tell the believing women to lower their gaze and guard their private parts and not to display their adornment except that which ordinarily appears thereof and to draw their headcovers over their chests and not to display their adornment except to their [maharim] There are regional and sectarian variations of the veil associated with  hijab. Depending upon local views regarding female modesty, they may or may not cover the face or the eyes, or the entire body. These variations include: * Hijab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A scarf covering the hair. * Chador  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A cloak covering the head and body, but leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in Iran when outside the home. * Shayla  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, pinned or tucked at the shoulder, leaving the face uncovered; worn by many women in the Persian Gulf region. Khimar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A long rectangular scarf, covering the head, neck and shoulders, but leaving the face uncovered. * Burka  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Covers the entire head and body, including the eyes; the wearer sees through a cloth mesh eye veil sewn into the burka. * Al-Amira  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A two-piece veil that includes a close-fitting cap and a tube-shaped scarf covering the head and neck, but leaving the face uncovered. * Niqab  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ A veil that leaves the eye clear (although it may be worn with an eye veil), and worn with a headscarf. The  hijab, and the veil in particular, have often been viewed by many as a sign of oppression of Muslim women. The wearing of the  hijab  has become controversial in countries where Muslims are a minority, and where majority secular opinions regard the  hijab  as violating womens freedom, especially in Europe amid increasing immigration of Muslims In some countries where Muslims are a minority, there is much less public opposition to the practise, although concerns about it are discussed. Canadian media, for example, have covered controversies where concerns have been raised over the veil being a possible security risk, as in cases where Muslim women have refused to remove their  niqab  or  burkaveil for voter identification at polls. Case study: India SCHEMES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA * Multi-Sectoral Development Project (MSDP) to rehabilitate Muslim women who are destitute or have been abandoned by their husbands. WEST BENGAL * Leadership development of minority women scheme. KSWWF(karnatka state wakf foundation for women development)-In the scheme Medical relief is provided to Muslim Minorities woman and girls for medical treatment. * Health Relief to Muslim Minorities Women and Girls- karnatka * Training of Muslim Women in Stitching, Embroidery and Knitting * Providing Computer Training to Minorities Muslim Women * Stipend to Muslim Minorities Girls learning Urdu DTP Course * Starting Pre-Primary School for Muslim Children by NGOs EMPLOYMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA The constitution of India confers equal citizenship rights on all Indians and provides safeguards for minorities. Constitutional safeguards are meant to ensure the full and active participation of all communities including Muslims in the country’s public life. Article 14 of the Constitution grants equality to all citizens without discrimination on grounds of caste, language or religion.. Muslim women have the lowest work participation rate (WPR) among all three categories of work, with a large gap between the WPRs for Muslim women, Hindu or Christian women. Sixty percent of Muslim women are self-employed – the highest percentage among all three religious categories i. e. Hindus, Christians and Muslims. The living conditions are linked with to the employment patterns and working conditions and the worker population rates for Muslim women are lower than for women in other socio-religious category (SRC). Most of the Muslim women are self employed; they prefer to work at home. As compared to other SRCs, Muslims are concentrated more in self-employed activities and their participation in regular jobs, especially in non-agriculture is much less than for others. A significantly higher share of Muslim workers in self-employment can be seen in urban areas as compared to rural are areas and for women who prefer home-based activities. The share of Muslims in regular work, especially in the government, public sector and large private sector is very low. LIVING CONDITIONS OF INDIAN MUSLIM WOMEN Muslim women are suffering from both internal and external oppression. Muslim men practice what they themselves believe is Islamic and oppress their women and refuse to entertain any thought of change. Many educated Muslim women thus start believing there can be no liberation within Islam and seek their freedom through secular laws. Ultimately, the source of their oppression is sought to be located in Islam itself, which is projected as an allegedly patriarchal religion, supposedly hostile to women’s rights and gender-justice. Wearing of Hijab and Burqa is still in practice in India. So, to conclude, Muslim legal traditions in India, for women have developed to an extent, but the society still remains orthodox and conservative. Muslims are still in minority. Various welfare schemes for the development of Muslim Women have been introduced and the country. . Case study: gulf countries In Gulf countries, following is the prevalent tradition: Education Progress on bridging the gender gap in social indicators has been impressive in Gulf Countries, mainly because of heavy public sector investments in education and health sectors, from which women have benefited significantly. Gulf countries has made substantial gains in the education of women. Statistics show that girls are equal to boys in tertiary, secondary and primary level of education in Gulf countries and 60% of all university students in the six states of the Gulf are women. Employment Women in the Gulf countries had been influenced by societys traditions. Their economic participation and their status position are become low and weak in comparisons with their life at the begging of Islam. Nevertheless, Gulf women have played a role in for as long as these societies have existed, through their effective role in the family and in their tribes, and supplementing the family income with a little local trading or through weaving and handicrafts and agricultural work and in some cases fighting beside their men. Nowadays, women in the Gulf are at the forefront of the economic life of their societies, in the labor force, in politics, in civil organizations, and, in that most crucial area of life, in economics. Gulf countries remain a patriarchal society. Saudi Arabia forbids Muslim women even to drive. , Women earlier weren’t allowed to go to mosques because of fears of unchastity caused by interaction between sexes; this condition persisted until the late 1960s. Since then, women have become increasingly involved in the mosque, though men and women generally worship separately. Dress code and covering the full body, specially for the young women is still very strictly to be followed in some of the Gulf countries. The primary aim of women is not to earn money, but to look after her family, therefore, employment is still less in the gulf countries, even after gradual increase over decades. 1 . http://webspace. webring. com/people/gh/husociology1/1/muslimwomen2008. pdf [ 2 ]. http://www. pucl. org/from-archives/Gender/muslim-women. htm [ 3 ]. http://www. indianexpress. om/news/west-bengal-plans-scheme-to-aid-muslim-women/979145 [ 4 ]. http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2013-01-06/lucknow/36173792_1_minority-women-muslim-women-sachar-committee [ 5 ]. http://kswwf. com/schemes-for-muslim-women. html [ 6 ]. http://www. unhcr. org/refworld/pdfid/469cbfcc0. pdf [ 7 ]. http://www. iimahd. ernet. in/assets/snippets/workingpaperpdf/12051717332012-09-03. pdf , pg-20 [ 8 ]. http://www. csss-isla. com [ 9 ]. http://www. ummid. com/news/2010/January/03. 01. 2010/socio_cultural_impediments_to_muslim_women. htm

Wright and Dostoevsky essays

Wright and Dostoevsky essays Both Fyodor Dostoyevsky, in Crime and Punishment and Richard Wright, in Native Son look to men who have been pushed beyond reason into murder, and both authors ask us what justice means in such a context. The answers that the authors provide are quite different - which should hardly be surprising since both authors suggest that ideas of justice must reflect the local realities of life in a given place and time and the settings for each of the novels is dramatically different. But the answers that each provides are also strikingly open-ended: We must ourselves decide in the end what justice was granted and what denied to Both novels ask us to decide for ourselves what moral action is possible in a society in which justice is scarce, and our answer to that question in large measure will reflect our own experiences of how justice A Man With No Place To Go Wright's novel - arguably one of the most influential American books of the 20th century - relates the story of Bigger Thomas, a man who had never had a fair chance in life because of the racism he faces as an African-American. We see him traveling downward through society and we can predict that his actions will lead him (as in fact they do) to crime and punishment. As a young black man in a decade (the 1930s) and a place (Chicago) that sees him as only being of possible use as a slightly more intelligent than average beast of burden) he is trapped and made desperate by a future in which the walls will continue to close in on him. His desperation, and his anger (as well as his underlying personality) lead him to the edge of violence and then push him over and he murders a young white woman. From this moment on he cannot hope to find any help, any hope, in a society that already had very little use He is abandon...

Birds in the Poetry of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats

Birds in the Poetry of William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats The Birds of Romance By definition, freedom is the absence of subjection to foreign domination. Some of the most liberated beings in the world are found in nature. In nature, plants and animals are not suppressed by the constraints of man. These human boundaries include time, money and physical restraints. Birds, are commonly viewed as the most liberated animals to have ever existed. The popular phrase, â€Å"free as a bird† has been coined as a result of the large amount of freedom possessed by birds. Not everyone can understand the full magnitude of what birds truly symbolize. However, birds have provided inspiration to several intellectuals over the years. In fact, the romantic period was a time when birds were a major staple of freedom and liberty. The followers of the romantic era were devout believers in becoming one with nature and discovering enlightenment within oneself. Some of the greatest influences and minds of the romantic era were poets and writers. These romantic writers included William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. For all of these romantic poets, birds represented different aspects of life and their poetry reflected their different views. During the romantic era, poets used birds as a symbol of freedom and they expressed the meaning of this symbol in their own unique way. Based on the poetry readings and personal background information about the romantic poets previously listed, one can view the meanings and purposes of birds during the romantic era. On April 7 of 1770, the second child of John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson was born. This child’s name was William Wordsworth and he would grow up to be one of the greatest poets of all time. Wordsworth grew up in Cockermouth, Cumberland, which is part of a northwestern area in England known as the Lake District. Wordsworth grew up with several individuals that provided him with encouragement for his literary prowess. In fact, Wordsworth’s mother â€Å"had been his first teacher, giving him instruction in reading, while his father made him learn by heart passages from Shakespeare, Milton and Spenser† (Legouis 18). However, Wordsworth was still plagued with negativity in his life time, such as losing his brother and being separated from his lover as well as his daughter during the â€Å"French Revolution†. Wordsworth overcame his trials by finding solace in nature, much like a bird finds refuge in the wilderness. Writer Margaret Wanless stated that â€Å"Na ture was to Wordsworth a great, wonderful passion, beautiful in itself alone†, meaning that Wordsworth drew most of his inspiration from the natural elements (Wanless 4). While being inspired by nature, Wordsworth was also fond of birds and other forms of natural wildlife. In one of his more popular poems â€Å"To the Cuckoo† Wordsworth describes his journey into a valley by exclaiming â€Å"O blithe New-comer! I have heard, I hear thee and rejoice. O Cuckoo! shall I call thee Bird, Or but a wandering Voice?† (Cuckoo-Wordsworth 1). He goes on to say â€Å"The same whom in my school-boy days I listened to; that Cry Which made me look a thousand ways In bush, and tree, and sky† (Cuckoo-Wordsworth 20). This line explains that the nostalgic sound of the cuckoo reminded Wordsworth of his childhood and the large sense of wonder that birds and other animals gave him. Wordsworth has written other poem such as â€Å"Lines Written in Early Spring†, which has been â€Å"Often dismissed as a dogmatic display of ingenuous nature-worship, this poem nevertheless reveals an unsuspected thematic complexity in its portrayal of the relationship between nature and human society† (McKusick 34). According to his writings, Wordsworth is emotionally attached to nature and the freedom that nature contains. Wordsworth had a close friend that was also a literary genius in his own unique way. His friends name was Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Coleridge himself was not exempt from worldly issues and matters beyond his control. Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772, in Ottery St Mary, a town in Devon, England. The struggles that Coleridge faced included his father’s death, his childhood illnesses and his strong addiction to opium. While spending time with nature, Coleridge gained an almost spiritual knowledge and his writing reflected his intellect. One of his most popular pieces of writing was titled â€Å"The Rime of The Ancient Mariner†, which was â€Å"a connection beyond the force of his human responsibilities, whether conventional or personal, either of which can seem arbitrary† (Fischer 183). This poem focuses on a man who has killed an albatross while at sea. An albatross is a large bird that spends most of its time at sea. The main character of the poe m, â€Å"The Mariner† recalls an old memory and shares it with a wedding guest while they were attending a wedding ceremony. â€Å"The Mariner† tells the wedding guest about his sea journey and states â€Å"At length did cross an Albatross, Thorough the fog it came; As if it had been a Christian soul, We hailed it in Gods name†, as if the large bird was a sign from God himself (Coleridge Part 1). Later on in the poem â€Å"The Mariner† states that â€Å"With my cross-bow I shot the ALBATROSS† (Coleridge Part 1). In a sense, â€Å"The Mariner† was shooting at a divine spirit of some sort. It is speculated that â€Å"He thus may have killed the bird not to radicalize his distance from it, as suggested earlier, but to silence the birds claim upon him† (Fischer 183). According to Coleridge, the albatross represented more than a large bird. The Albatross also stood as a â€Å"Christ figure† in the sense of dying because of wrongful actions. Percy Bysshe Shelley was an interesting figure during the â€Å"Romantic Era†, because he did not reach any major fame until after his death. Shelly’s life was surrounded by complications during his adolescent years. Shelly would also find himself confined within an unhealthy marriage after eloping himself with Harriet Westbrook. After Shelley’s passing, several of his poems became popular. One of his most memorable pieces of writing was called â€Å"To a Skylark† and in it Shelley â€Å"brings the attention of bird and teaches us to enjoy natural attitude of it† (Sofi 82). In this poem, Shelley asks for wisdom from the Skylark by saying â€Å"Teach me half the gladness That thy brain must know, such harmonious madness from my lips would flow the world should listen then, as I am listening now† (Shelley 105). Shelly believes that the skylark can bestow enlightenment upon him and teach him about becoming one with nature. Over time â€Å"She lley accepts that natural (fountains, fields, waves, mountains etc.) things are the source of happiness. He feels human beings are beyond the happiness of this bird. If they give up hate, pride, fear and sorrow they will reach the steeps of joy like Skylark† (Sofi 83). John Keats was one of the main figure heads for the second wave of the â€Å"Romantic Era†. Keats’ work was published only a few years before his death. However, Keats died at the young age of twenty-five. Keats was â€Å"well-loved by all poets, especia1ly by those of his own era, and has been termed the bard of beauty (Wanless 20). One of the most popular poems that Keats wrote is named â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale†. In it, he mentions his incredible drowsiness when he states â€Å"My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains. My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk, Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains† (Keats 1). Keats later goes on and speaks of happiness by saying â€Å"Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thine happiness,— That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees In some melodious plot† (Keats 5). Keats exclaims that he is extremely overjoyed for the happiness of the nightingale and he would also like to understand why the nightingale is so happy. The peculiar thing about Keats â€Å"was alert to the least little sight or sound in; nature, so much so that with the help of his wonderful imagery, his readers senses are awakened just as his were and we have before us a glorious world that some of us have never seen or heard or smelt before† (Wanless 20). Keats understood that birds also possessed these senses of enlightenment. The poets of the â€Å"Romantic Era† deeply understood the symbolic importance of birds and what they represented in nature. The â€Å"Romantics† and their love for birds can even be seen at a scientific level â€Å"with the use of pleasure in poems by Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and Keats. This link between the poetic and the scientific in Romantic natural history also reveals aspects of our current cultural sense of the interrelatedness of human and nonhuman nature† (Bartram 1). Susan Wolfson once said that â€Å"in theory and practice, Romanticism addressed, debated, tested, and contested fundamental questions about what is at stake in poetic forming of language† (Wolfson 1). That statement goes on to say that â€Å"The Romantic Poets† can completely grasp the concept of freedom and so much more. During the â€Å"Romantic Era†, poets use birds as inspiration and for a symbol for freedom and nature. Each poet understood that birds rep resent liberty, but each poet searched for liberty in their own unique fashion. It can be an albatross, a nightingale, cuckoo or even a skylark. Each of these birds has the ability to spread their wings and soar towards freedom.

Small Firms in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Small Firms in UK - Essay Example For these reasons, small business industry is critical to UK economic development and social cohesion. They provide a medium for retirees and other potential unemployed persons to have gainful employment and contribute fully and independently to wider society. Small businesses have been contributing to employment and manufacturing since the 1960s. The increasing rates of self-employment have been attributed to; a parallel rise in rates of unemployment (e.g., retirees, unspecialised graduates); reductions in levels of unemployment benefits and government incentives; and the increasing importance of technology in the information service industry. In the early 1970s there were changes to the industrial structure across the globe of industrialised nations. Initially, the value of the small business decreased, but by the 1970s the structure of manufacturing saw dramatic changes and small firms began to provide better quality of products and services than larger corporations, particularly in areas of rapid technological changes (e.g., electronics). Over time, small firms began again to add value to the UK economy, and among many small businesses their rates of employment increased. So that there has been a significant shift in industrial structure back to the small firm amongst industrialised nations (Landstrom, 2005).The shift brought within environmental opportunities to be exploited by entrepreneurs with their innovations and business developments. Political discourse began to focus upon entrepreneurship, receiving support from Margaret Thatcher in the mid 1980s and strong policy was introduced to support small businesses and entrepreneurship. The research interest in small business increased during this period, and social scientists began to contribute to research directions and understandings. This has led to a strong multi-disciplinary approach to small business research in the UK today. (Landstom, 2005). During the 1990s the interest become more about growth orientated established businesses. Tony Blair took a much more narrow and focused approach to reforms as compared to Thatcher, targeting technology-based firms and socially inclusive entrepreneurship as ways to bring 'life' back to weak regions of industry (Landstrom, 2005). The present government provides most of the funding for research into small business dynamics and the contributions of such entities to the growth and strength of the UK nation. However, this also biases the areas that research goes into, what interests the government and this could counter advances in knowledge and processes. However, funding from the government does require the use of empirical investigative techniques, ethical considerations and a policy focus to research endeavours. With the consolidation of small business research there was a great support for entrepreneurship.As industrialised nations shift manufacturing sectors to less developed natio ns to lower the costs of production, the likelihood of unemployment has increased. This global shift in industry structure has fostered employment opportunities for some through small businesses (AusIndustry, 2006). Current trends of redundancy for older workers, such as those in middle management positions have seen some retirees adapting self

The effects of state right-to-work laws on unions Essay

The effects of state right-to-work laws on unions - Essay Example â€Å"By comparison with the voluminous literature on the theories of the firm and consumer, the amount of space devoted to the theory of union is small indeed. This is not accidental; it results from the fact that the behavior of firms and consumers can be easily interpreted as maximizing while that of a union cannot† (ibid, 290). Certainly, since the statement of Reder, there is proof that curiosity and interest in unionism generally collapsed. Nevertheless, because of the significance of trade unions in the activities of the economy, there is a necessity for a systematic framework which can present theoretical concepts into the economic performance of unions to fill the empty spaces that presently exist. As highlighted above, insignificant development has been made in shaping the performance of trade unions since the conventional economic paradigm assumes some form of making the best use of behavior by the entity being investigated. More particularly, the consumer is presupposed to take full advantage of utility, while the company is expected to maximize profit. Neither comparison is relevant to the trade union. Dunlop tried to formulate a framework of the union grounded on the assumption that the wage income of the members of a union is the revenue function and revenues is to be capitalized on rather than profits, as costs to the union are zero. On the contrary, some analysts believed labor unions as a generator of member services which should consider both the proceeds from membership fees and the costs related with the prerequisite of different stages of services. A correlation between an assumption of the consumer and the activities of labor unions has been designed by Cartter i n that the union has an apathy plot which indicates its inclinations between the levels of wages and the level of service (Davis, 1993). In other words, traditional economic assumption demands that the economic player, such

War Literature Essay Example for Free

War Literature Essay Turkey and Armenia have not had the greatest diplomatic relations in recent years. Therefore, it was somewhat surprising that the leaders all of these two nations sat down to watch a football game between the two countries. To say that this is somewhat bizarre would be a dramatic understatement. In 1915, during the First World War, Turkey was responsible for the genocide of scores of Armenians. Needless to say, the relationship between these two group has been tenuous at best over the years. For some, all of this appears to be a form of political theater. However, there is more to the situation than mere grandstanding. Russias recent aggression has sparked fear in Eastern Europe. So, it is not surprising that Turkey and Armenia might forge an alliance out of mutual distrust of Russia. How long such a shaky alliance lasts is anyones guess. Much of this is ironic considering it occurs in light of the legendary football match between the Germans and the British during World War One. Thomas Hardy chronicles this legend in a short article that also points out the strange irony of how mortal enemies can become friendly rivals when they share a common love. In this case, the love is for the game of football. It would seem that to the soldiers, a love for a cultural sport overrides any serious concerns that are at the center of a declaration of war. Or, perhaps, war becomes boring after a while and both sides need a break. Whatever the reason, it is odd to see enemies converge based on a love for a mere past time. It would be absurd to assume that a love for football can eliminate aggression between nations. However, it does show that aggression and competitiveness can be used for more fruitful pursuits other than direct conflict. Then again, football is a form of conflict with enthusiasm replacing aggression most of the time. While sitting in front of the TV watching teams play make the world a better place? Doubtful; but it is at least worth a try. Bibliography Hardy, Thomas. (Date Unknown) â€Å"A Satire of Circumstance† Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://net. lib. byu. edu/english/wwi/children/captain_nevill. html Palomaa, Erik. (2008) â€Å"Turkey and Armenia Engage in Football Diplomacy. † Retrieved October 13, 2008, from http://www. worldpoliticsreview. com/Article. aspx? id=2694

Computer Viruses: Infection Vectors, and Feasibility of Complete Protection :: essays research papers fc

Computer Viruses: Infection Vectors, and Feasibility of Complete Protection   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A computer virus is a program which, after being loaded into a computer's memory, copies itself with the purpose of spreading to other computers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people, from the corporate level power programmer down to the computer hobbyist, have had either personal experience with a virus or know someone who has. And the rate of infection is rising monthly. This has caused a wide spread interest in viruses and what can be done to protect the data now entrusted to the computer systems throughout the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A virus can gain access to a computer system via any one of four vectors: 1. Disk usage: in this case, infected files contained on a diskette (including, on occasion, diskettes supplied by software manufacturers) are loaded, and used in a previously uninfected system thus allowing the virus to spread. 2. Local Area Network: a LAN allows multiple computers to share the same data, and programs. However, this data sharing can allow a virus to spread rapidly to computers that have otherwise been protected from external contamination. 3. Telecommunications: also known as a Wide Area Network, this entails the connection of computer systems to each other via modems, and telephone lines. This is the vector most feared by computer users, with infected files being rapidly passed along the emerging information super-highway, then downloaded from public services and then used, thus infecting the new system. 4. Spontaneous Generation: this last vector is at the same time the least thought of and the least likely. However, because virus programs tend to be small, the possibility exists that the code necessary for a self-replicating program could be randomly generated and executed in the normal operation of any computer system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even disregarding the fourth infection vector, it can be seen that the only way to completely protect a computer system is to isolate it from all contact with the outside world. This would include the user programming all of the necessary code to operate the system, as even commercial products have been known to be shipped already infected with viruses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, because a virus can enter a computer in so many different ways, perhaps the best thing to do is more a form of damage control rather than prevention. Such as, maintain current backups of your data, keep your original software disks write-protected and away from the computer, and use a good Virus detection program. Outline Thesis: Complete protection of a computer system from viruses is not possible, so efforts should be concentrated on recovery rather than prevention. I. Introduction, with definition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Define Computer Virus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. Define interest group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C. Define problem.

The Theories that Withhold Normative Ethics

Normative Ethics is a theory of ethics that is based on what ought to be morally right. Most ethical theories are based from a normative base. Normative ethics are based on what ought to be good or bad, right or wrong, and just or unjust. The ethical principles are ways to describe the actions and behaviors that we perform. There are several theories that apply to normative ethics like utilitarianism, pluralism, and rights based ethics. Utilitarianism is a principle, which approves or disapproves of every action according to whether it increases or diminishes the amount of happiness or good of the interested party. This issue is deeply imbedded in the ever-expanding world of information technology. New technologies like personnel monitoring hit this issue directly. Employers may see short-term benefits of monitoring employees, such as insider trading, efficiency, or performance. But, employers must consider what effect that the monitoring will have on the employees. The overall happiness or good for all the parties involved are not always addressed. The company may see results from their end but the employees may receive an adverse effect. To successfully make a utility-based decision managers must take in to consideration who is going to be influenced by the decision to be made. Pluralism or duty based ethical principles outline some different ideas. Immanuael Kant say the worth of an action is not found in what the person is trying to accomplish but rather the intention that they had. People must perform actions as a function of duty regardless of the consequences. Duty is an obligation to follow universal moral laws. These moral laws are outlined to make sure that projects or objectives do not superceded the worth of human beings. An important IT example would be the use of private customer information in a negative manner. Managers have a right to ensure that customer information especially financial information like credit cards or asset holdings. The managers have a duty to the customers to respect their privacy of information. Companies that provide hardware and software solutions to companies have a duty to provide a quality product. Reliant companies need those systems to run the companies. Manufacturers have a duty to balance profit maximization and quality to ensure that the product is functional for everyone. Rights based ethics focuses on the rights of individuals and respect of people†s rights. There are two different types of rights in this theory. Negative rights are rights that are free from outside interference. Therefore these rights allow people to have certain rights without someone interfering. Positive rights on the other hand are rights that people are entitled to. Examining ethical aspects using this theory people consider whether the action will impede on human or legal rights. Information management has great rights implications. Consumer†s information is located on many databases throughout the nation. Companies have to ensure that consumer†s rights to privacy maintained. Companies often sell information to marketing organizations who put you on other lists that they may sell. Many organizations make a point of telling consumers that their information will remain private. Consumers also want their information to be current and accurate. Information about peoples credit histories and financial information need to be accurate otherwise the customer may be negatively impacted. People make ethical and moral decisions every day. But, what really influences people when they are making decisions. Family has a large part to play in the way that a person views the world. Values and moral are instituted in children by their parents as they grow. The structure of the family may influence the way that children view the actions of their parents and others. Also integrated with the aspect of family are the areas of religion and culture. There are certain practices in different religions that may shape the way an individual view a decision as either moral or ethical. Subjects like sex or drugs may be accepted in various forms from one religion or culture but not another. This may determine how a person may view a decision in the future. Practices vary from country to country. Therefore, a practice like corporate spying my be acceptable in one culture but is frowned upon in ours. Companies may endorse sweatshops in other countries but it is not ethical to do it in the US. Other factors that may influence how someone makes a decision may be based on their socio-economic position in life. A person desperate for money or food my have a different outlook on some moral or ethical decisions. Personal crises alter a persons view on the world and what should be done. Age also plays an important part of how situations are solved. Younger people may view moral and ethical issues lightly because they don†t understand the consequences of the actions. As people grow older their outlook on life becomes altered. Experience makes a person view the whole picture when a decision needs to be made. People†s values change making their moral and ethical instincts stronger. While people age education level varies. Educated people have a different outlook on life than an uneducated person. Having more tools to access allow people to make a more informed decision. All of these different ideas shape the outlook that people have on the world. Individual views of society shape the moral and ethical decision-making process. The factors outlined above and some of the ethical theories we can speculate how ethical dilemmas might be resolved. Ethical dilemmas need to be examined in various steps. First of all you need to assess the ethical issues in the problem. Determine what issues will become a factor in your decision making process. Decide what your moral intuition says on the issue. How do your own personal views shape the issue? Once you have determined your personal stance on the issue, you must examine the ethical frameworks to decide how the issue can be applied. What course of action do the theories point you to? You must decide what conclusions should you follow as well as considering public policy implications. The actual decision needs to be a very informed one. Every side of the issue needs to be addressed from the different ethical theories. The informed decision will create a better outcome because the pros and cons have been addressed before a solution is designed.

New York: A Carefree Expression of Freedom

NEW YORK Descriptive essay New York City is the place that I want to visit, revisit, and visit again. Out there on the streets, I feel free. When coming from New Jersey to New York City on the New Jersey Transit tTrain, which is grimy but comfortable, it is an experience unlike I have ever felt before. Crossing under the Hudson River and coming into the crammedjam-packed full station is reminiscent of having some kind of travel machine bringing you from earth to space in a flash. When I visited I felt like anything isn’t impossible .Living in the turks and caicos islands is a fantastic privilege; living in New York City is something further even better. As you stagger up those stairs to the city streets and you capture that first breath of city air, you declare to yourself, this is Freedom!!!!! The buildings are so astonishingly tall and eye-catching. I think to myself, there are so many buildings here I find it hard to believe that man is capable of putting them up, but on th e other hand also knocking them down. The buildings look like they had plunged from God's hands and landed in one spot, where else but in New York City.As I make my way down the city street, I feel overwhelmed by people walking and talking in scores of different languages. People with looks that I have never seen before. , Ppeople that look somewhat bizarre to me. Everyone is different in their ownere way of style. Let me tell you something, this big place called â€Å"New York† is the capital of all the new fashions and old fads. What styles I might find either peculiar or eccentric usually becomes what I start to copy in later years when it becomes starts being the local fashion of my town.What I am trying to say is that New York is the inventor of all invertors. I perceive New York City as a carefree expression of freedom. Most of today's new clothing styles are adopted from New York. People are so full of life and encouragement. No one judges the way you present yourself in this unrestricted environment. People in New York feel comfortable dressing and acting anyway that they care to. Everything there are so upscale and amazing but one thing that caught my attention is that all athough all these things were said theres no place like home

USS Texas (BB-35) Battleship in World War II

USS Texas (BB-35) Battleship in World War II USS Texas (BB-35) was an New York-class battleship that was commissioned into the U.S. Navy in 1914. After taking part in the American occupation of Veracruz later that year, Texas saw service in British waters during World War I. Modernized in the 1920s, the battleship was still in the fleet when the United States entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After performing convoy duty in the Atlantic, Texas took part in the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and the landings in  southern France later that summer. The battleship was transferred to the Pacific in November 1944 and aided in the final campaigns against the Japanese, including the invasion of Okinawa. Retired after the war, it is presently a museum ship outside Houston, TX. Design Construction Tracing its origins to the 1908 Newport Conference, the  New York-class of battleships was the U.S. Navys fifth type of dreadnought after the South Carolina- (BB-26/27), Delaware- (BB-28/29), Florida- (BB-30/31), and Wyoming-classes (BB-32/33). Central among the conferences findings was the requirement for ever larger calibers of main guns as foreign navies had begun using 13.5 guns. Though discussions commenced regarding the armament of the Florida- and  Wyoming-class ships, their construction advanced using the standard 12 guns. Complicating the debate was the fact that no U.S. dreadnought had entered service and designs were based on theory, war games, and experience with pre-dreadnought ships. In 1909, the General Board pushed forward designs for a battleship mounting 14 guns. A year later, the Bureau of Ordnance successfully tested a new gun of this size and Congress authorized the building of two ships. Shortly before construction began, the U.S. Senate Naval Affairs Committee attempted to have the size of the ships reduced as part of an attempt to cut the budget. These efforts were thwarted by Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer and both battleships moved forward as originally designed. Named USS  New York  (BB-34) and USS  Texas  (BB-35), the new ships mounted ten 14 guns in five twin turrets. These were situated with two forward and two aft in superfiring arrangements while the fifth turret was placed amidships. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-one 5 guns and four 21 torpedo tubes. The tubes were situated with two in the bow and two in the stern. No anti-aircraft guns were included in the initial design, but the rise of naval aviation saw the addition two 3 guns in 1916. USS Texas (BB-35) during sea trials, 1913.   U.S. Navy Propulsion for the  New York-class ships came from fourteen Babcock Wilcox coal-fired boilers powering dual-acting, vertical triple expansion steam engines. These turned two propellers and gave the vessels a speed of 21 knots.  The New York-class was the last class of battleships designed for the US Navy to utilize coal for fuel. Protection for the ships came from a 12 main armor belt with 6.5 covering the vessels casemates.   Construction of Texas was assigned to the Newport News Shipbuilding Company after the yard submitted a bid of $5,830,000 (exclusive of armament and armor). Work began on April 17, 1911, five months before New York was laid down in Brooklyn. Moving forward over the next thirteen months, the battleship entered the water on May 18, 1912, with Claudia Lyon, daughter of Colonel Cecil Lyon of Texas, serving as sponsor. Twenty-two months later, Texas entered service on March 12, 1914,  with Captain Albert W. Grant in command.  Commissioned a month earlier than New York, some initial confusion arose regarding the name of the class. USS Texas (BB-35) Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  Newport News ShipbuildingLaid Down:  April 17, 1911Launched:  May 18, 1912Commissioned:  March 12, 1914Fate:  Museum ship  Specifications (as built)Displacement:  27,000  tonsLength:  573  ft.Beam:  95.3  ft.Draft:  27  ft., 10.5 in.Propulsion:  14  Babcock and Wilcox  coal-fired boilers  with oil spray, triple expansion steam engines turning two propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,042  menArmament (as built)10  Ãƒâ€"  14-inch/45  caliber guns21 Ãâ€"  5/51 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" 21  torpedo tubes Early Service Departing Norfolk, Texas steamed for New York where its fire control equipment was installed. In May, the new battleship moved south to support operations during the American occupation of Veracruz. This occurred despite the fact that the battleship had not conducted a shakedown cruise and post-shakedown repair cycle. Remaining in Mexican waters for two months as part of Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletchers squadron, Texas briefly returned to New York in August before commencing routine operations with the Atlantic Fleet. In October, the battleship again arrived off the Mexican coast and briefly served as station ship at Tuxpan before proceeding to Galveston, TX where it received a set of silver from Texas Governor Oscar Colquitt. After a period in the yard at New York around the turn of the year, Texas rejoined the Atlantic Fleet. On May 25, the battleship, along with USS Louisiana (BB-19) and USS Michigan (BB-27), rendered aid to the stricken Holland-America liner Ryndam which had been rammed by another vessel. Through 1916, Texas moved through a routine training cycle before receiving two 3 anti-aircraft guns as well as directors and rangefinders for its main battery. World War I In the York River when the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Texas remained in the Chesapeake until August conducting exercises and working to train Naval Armed Guard gun crews for service about merchant vessels. After an overhaul at New York, the battleship moved up Long Island Sound and on the night of September 27 ran hard aground on Block Island. The accident was the result of Captain Victor Blue and his navigator turning too soon due to confusion regarding shore lights and the location of the channel through the mine field at the east end of Long Island Sound. USS Texas (BB-35) at Hampton Roads, VA, 1917.   U.S. Navy Pulled free three days later, Texas returned to New York for repairs. As a result, it was unable to sail in November with Rear Admiral Hugh Rodmans Battleship Division 9 which departed to reinforce Admiral Sir David Beattys British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. Despite the accident, Blue retained command of Texas and, due to connections to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, avoided a court-martial over the incident. Finally crossing the Atlantic in January 1918, Texas reinforced Rodmans force which was operating as the 6th Battle Squadron. While abroad, the battleship largely aided in protecting convoys in the North Sea.  On April 24, 1918, Texas sortied when the German High Seas Fleet was spotted moving towards Norway. Though the enemy was sighted, they could not be brought to battle. With the end of the conflict in November, Texas joined the fleet in escorting the High Seas Fleet into internment at Scapa Flow. The following month, the American battleship steamed south to escort President Woodrow Wilson, aboard the liner SS George Washington, into Brest, France as he traveled to the peace conference at Versailles. Interwar Years  Ã‚  Ã‚   Returning to home waters, Texas resumed peacetime operations with the Atlantic Fleet. On March 10, 1919, Lieutenant Edward McDonnell became the first man to fly an aircraft off an American battleship when he launched his Sopwith Camel from one of Texas turrets. Later that year, the battleships commander, Captain Nathan C. Twining, employed aircraft to spot for the vessels main battery.  Findings from these efforts supported the theory that air spotting was far superior to shipboard spotting and led to floatplanes being placed aboard American battleships and cruisers. In May, Texas acted a plane guard for a group of US Navy Curtiss NC aircraft that were attempting a trans-Atlantic flight. That July, Texas transferred to the Pacific to begin a five-year assignment with the Pacific Fleet.  Returning to the Atlantic in 1924, the battleship entered Norfolk Navy Yard the following year for a major modernization. This saw the replacement of the ships cage masts with tripod masts, installation of new oil-fired Bureau Express boilers, additions to the anti-aircraft armament, and placing of new fire control equipment. USS Texas (BB-35) undergoing modernization at Norfolk Navy Yard, 1926. National Archives and Records Administration Completed in November 1926, Texas was named flagship of the U.S. Fleet and commenced operations along the East Coast. In 1928, the battleship transported President Calvin Coolidge to Panama for the Pan-American Conference and then proceeded into the Pacific for maneuvers off Hawaii.  Following an overhaul at New York in 1929, Texas spent the next seven years moving through routine deployments in the Atlantic and Pacific.   Made flagship of the Training Detachment in 1937, it held this role for a year until becoming flagship of the Atlantic Squadron. During this period, much Texas operations centered on training activities including serving as a platform for midshipmen cruises for the U.S. Naval Academy. In December 1938, the battleship entered the yard for installation of the experimental RCA CXZ radar system. With the beginning of World War II in Europe, Texas received an assignment to the Neutrality Patrol to aid in safeguarding the western sea lanes from German submarines.  It then began escorting convoys of Lend-Lease material to the Allied nations. Made flagship of Admiral Ernest J. Kings Atlantic Fleet in February 1941, Texas saw its radar systems upgraded to the new RCA CXAM-1 system later that year.  Ã‚   World War II At Casco Bay, ME on December 7 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor,  Texas  remained in the North Atlantic until March when it entered the yard. While there, its secondary armament was reduced while additional anti-aircraft guns were installed.  Returning to active duty, the battleship resumed convoy escort duty until the fall of 1942. On November 8, Texas  arrived off Port Lyautey, Morocco where it provided fire support for Allied forces during the Operation Torch landings. It remained in action until November 11 and then returned to the United States.  Reassigned to convoy duty,  Texas  continued in this role until April 1944.   Remaining in British waters, Texas  commenced training to support the planned invasion of Normandy.  Sailing on June 3, the battleship pummeled targets around Omaha Beach and Pointe du Hoc three days later.  Providing intense naval gunfire support to Allied troops hitting the beaches,  Texas fired on enemy positions throughout the day. The battleship remained off the Norman coast until June 18 with its only departure a short run to Plymouth to rearm. USS Texas (BB-35) at sea, December 1942. National Archives and Records Administration Later that month, on June 25,  Texas, USS  Arkansas  (BB-33), and USS  Nevada  (BB-36) attacked German positions around Cherbourg. In exchanging fire with enemy batteries,  Texas sustained a shell hit which caused eleven casualties. Following repairs, at Plymouth the battleship began training for the invasion of southern France. After shifting to the Mediterranean in July,  Texas  approached the French coast on August 15. Providing fire support for the Operation Dragoon landings, the battleship struck targets until Allied troops advanced beyond range of its guns. Withdrawing on August 17,  Texas  sailed for Palermo before later departing for New York. Arriving in mid-September, the battleship entered the yard for a brief overhaul.  Ordered to the Pacific,  Texas sailed in November and touched in California before reaching Pearl Harbor the following month.  Pressing on to Ulithi, the battleship joined Allied forces and took part in the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945. Leaving Iwo Jima on March 7,  Texas  returned to Ulithi to prepare for the invasion of Okinawa. Attacking Okinawa on March 26, the battleship pounded targets for six days before the landings on April 1.  Once the troops were ashore,  Texas stayed in the area until mid-May providing fire support. Final Actions Retiring to the Philippines,  Texas  was there when the war ended  on August 15.  Returning to Okinawa, it remained there into September before embarking American troops for home as part of Operation Magic Carpet. Continuing in this mission through December,  Texas then sailed for Norfolk to prepare for deactivation. Taken to Baltimore, the battleship entered reserve status on June 18, 1946. The following year, the Texas Legislature created the Battleship Texas  Commission with the goal of preserving the ship as a museum. Raising the necessary funds, the Commission had  Texas  towed to the Houston Ship Channel near the San Jacinto Monument. Made flagship of the Texas Navy, the battleship remains open as a museum ship.  Texas was formally decommissioned on April 21, 1948.

How is technology helping our understanding of future architectural Essay

How is technology helping our understanding of future architectural space throughout film representation and use of mixed realit - Essay Example Previously, architecture was restricted to the simple two dimensional representations of drawings. Through film media, it is possible to create realistic and fathomable representation of architectural visualizations. The architectural designs create new avenues of creative thinking by analyzing the potential of the film depictions and the possibility of implementing the ideas in the real world (Hiller, 1996). Representing the experience of space Architectural designs are invariably communicated through representation. The link between the architect’s ideas and their implementation is through the process of representation. Traditionally, the most pervasive mode of representation has been through drawing of sketches to showcase the features that the architect wishes to express. In the final stages of architectural design, representation is done by technical drawings. However, these traditional representation methods are limited since they cannot allow one to fully experience spa ce. Film has immense potential to add visual elements into architectural design. Through the use of film media, an architectural design can be experienced in an augmented reality (Aroztegui, 2010). It is possible to append the notion of motion into the representation of architectural design through film. ... Through the use of advanced computer graphics, architectural designs can be represented in films creatively to an extent that one feels to be transported to another space. By using a scripted narrative, film cultivates the concept of space in a compelling space. The interconnection of all senses during a film representation of architectural design makes experience of space to be near reality (Henzel & Menges, 2009). Also, space and body are closely related and they can be tied together through experience. Thus, film can bring futuristic architectural designs into perspective and help in the progress of architecture. Filming and architecture: Filming space and embodiment The core purpose of a film is to create compelling scenes that are as close to reality as possible to keep the audience captivated. The best films are those that immerse their audience in their narration and representation: so much that the audience feels to be actually transported to another place and time as depicte d in the film (Awan et al, 2009). For true appreciation, architecture has to be experienced in the perspective of reality so that the audience can relate to it. The eye is primarily the means by which people relate and experience space. Architectural designs in film are sculpted through a combination of visual and audio narration. The audience identifies with the film’s representation first through the gaze of the camera and seeing architectural objects from a vantage point. As the audience is captivated by this vision, they are bound to engage other senses into the narration. Evidently, the narration and representation in the film can trigger the imagination of the audience

Public experience of game play cultivate a game culture in the late Essay

Public experience of game play cultivate a game culture in the late 20th century and location help determine game design and in regards to coin-op games - Essay Example t, in the late 1990s technological innovations paved way towards the inception of home gaming units with improved graphics and better simulation environments. Also, coin-op games offered a rich experience to the public as they were an expansive source of amusement during the time and thus, they produced a game culture where arcades became the points where rivalries existed and social meet-ups took place to an increasing rate (Wolf 12). Yet, with the gaming consoles culture replacing the coin-op games, game centers were now replaced and quality of game was central to how well the experience of gaming would be for the public. Therefore, an evolutionary context of gaming design in the late 20th century reveals that as technological innovations matured, quality of circuits, graphics and reality factor of the games replaces the arcades experience where amusement lied in the location perspectives of game designs. For this reason, the paper would discuss the game culture of various eras of the late 20th century to reveal how the industry not only expanded but also transformed over time. When the arcade amusement culture was first introduced, the coin-op games which the game design contained were quite simplistic in character. In addition, the graphics were also quite plain and simulation was also not as advanced. For instance, Atari introduced its first ever game design for ball and paddle games which simply had a vertical line with a small ball which moved horizontally. Yet, the games were fun and challenging for the public as the amusement was offered in locations solely dedicated to that purpose. Since people only managed to spend as much time on playing these coin-op games as the time on the town halls, theatres or game centers allowed, the thrill of the games lied in the experience. Though Atari was the largest contributor to coin-op games, yet various native as well as foreign companies were competing to grab attention of the public (Wolf 15). In this context,